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      Muslims in Europe A Shared Citizenship Transcending the Imposition of Cultural Homogeneity

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            Journal
            polipers
            10.2307/j50009730
            Policy Perspectives
            Pluto Journals
            18121829
            1 January 2012
            : 9
            : 2
            : 109-141
            Article
            10.2307/42922708
            11cf26ff-6df5-45f9-8ba0-45c79c245130
            © 2012, Institute of Policy Studies

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

            History

            Education,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,Economics

            [Footnotes]

            1. Lewis, God's Crucible, 570-1215 also, Al-Azmeh and Fokas, eds., Islam in Europe.

            2. Ibid.

            3. Pew Research Center, "The Future of the Global Muslim Population," 124, Peach, "Muslim Population of Europe: A Brief Overview of Demographic Trends and Socioeconomic Integration, with Particular Reference to Britain," 11.

            4. Hakim and Harris, "Muslims in the European 'Mediascape'," Monso and de Saint Pol, "Geographic origin of individuals in French population censuses."

            5. Delanty, "The Making of a Post Western Europe," 8-25.

            6. Tariq Ramadan, "A Struggle over Europe's Religious Identity," New York Times, September 20, 2006.

            7. Casanova, José. "Religion, European Secular Identities and European Integration."

            8. Avruch and Black, "Conflict Resolution in Intercultural Settings," 131-145.

            9. Al-Azmeh and Fokas, eds., op. cit., 17.

            10. Morgan, Lost History.

            11. Hunter, The Future of Islam and the West, 12.

            12. Ahmed, Living Islam, 72.

            13. Hurd, The Politics of Secularism in International Relations, 1-22.

            14. Peach and Glebe, "Muslim Minorities in Western Europe." 26-45.

            15. Poole, Reporting Islam, 17.

            16. Malik, From Fatwa to Jihad, 2009.

            17. Cesari, "Europe's Muslims."

            18. Khan, "Islam and the New Europe."

            19. Ibid.

            20. Cesari (a), "The Securitization of Islam in Europe."

            21. Ben-David, "Europe's Shifting Immigration Dynamic."

            22. Roger Cohen, "Dutch Virtue of Tolerance under Strain," The New York Times, November 7, 2005.

            23. Güvercin, "Full Equality before the Law for All Religions."

            24. Hurd, op. cit., 1-22.

            25. Buruma, Murder in Amsterdam, 69.

            26. Allen, ed., "Few Siqns of Backlash from Western Europeans."

            27. Berger, The Sacred Canopy, 107.

            28. Khan, op. cit."

            29. Hirschkind and Mahmood, "Feminism, the Taliban and Politics of Counter- Insurgency," 352.

            30. Cesari, op. cit.

            31. Hurd, op.cit., 1-22.

            32. Helen Johnstone, "Human Rights Court Upholds Headscarf Ban," The Independence, June 30, 2004, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/human-rights-court-upholds- headscarf-ban-734059.html (accessed January 10, 2012).

            33. VEIL, "French Team, Executive Summary," http://www.univie.ac.at/veil/Home3/index.php?id= 1,0,0,1,0,0 (accessed January 20, 2012).

            34. WZB, "VEIL: Values Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies."

            35. BBC, "Italian Committee Approves Face Veil Ban Bill, August 2, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14380793 (accessed January 10, 2012). Reuters. "Dutch Government to Ban Islamic Face-covering Veils, Amsterdam," September 16, 2011 http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/16/us-dutch-politics-veils- idUSTRE78F4LQ20110916 (accessed January 10, 2012).

            36. Human Right Watch, "Discrimination in the Name of Neutrality."

            37. Angelique Chrisafis, "France's Burqa Ban: Women are 'Effectively under House Arrest,'" The Guardian, September 19, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/19/battle-for-the-burqa (accessed January 10, 2012).

            38. Carrera and Parkin, "The Place of Religion in European Union Law and Policy.

            39. Bowlby, Do Denmark's immigration laws breach human rights?.

            40. Cesari (a), op.cit.

            41. VEIL, op.cit.

            42. BBC, "Row over Denmark Court Veil Ban," May 19, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/europe/7409072.stm (accessed January 10, 2012).

            43. BBC, "Denmark's Immigration Issue," February, 19 2005, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/4276963.stm (accessed January 10, 2012). See also, Cesari, op. cit.

            44. CNN, "Europe's Resurgent Far Right Focuses on Immigration, Multiculturalism," July 24, 2011, http://articles.cnn.com/2011-0724/world/europe.far.right_1_political-parties- multiculturalism-danish-people-s-party?_s=PM: WORLD (accessed January 15, 2012).

            45. CBS News, "Far-Right Anger, Violence Thrive on Europe's Edges," August 5, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/08/05/ap/europe/main20088720.shtml (accessed January 15, 2012).

            46. Business Insider, "The Consequences of a Moderated Far-Right in Europe," July 26, 2011, http://www.businessinsider.com/consequences-of-a-moderated-far- right-in-europe-2011-7 (accessed January 15, 2012).

            47. Brady, "EU Migration Policy: An A-Z."

            48. Callamard, "Freedom of Speech and Offence."

            49. Carrera and Parkin, op.cit.

            50. Cesari (b), "Mosque Conflicts in European Cities."

            51. BBC, "Paris Ban on Muslim Street Prayers Comes into Effect," September 16, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14945467 (accessed January 15, 2012).

            52. Modood, "Muslims and the Politics of Difference," 100.

            53. Ramadan, "Europeanization of Islam or Islamization of Europe?," 212-213.

            54. Ramadan (a), To Be a European Muslim. Ramadan (b), Western Muslims and the Future of Islam.

            55. US Department of State, "Muslims in Europe."

            56. Allievi, "Conflicts over Mosques in Europe."

            57. Kastoryano, "Citizenship, Nationhood and Non-territoriality."

            58. Cesari. Op.cit.

            59. Nyiri, "Muslims in Berlin, London, and Paris."

            60. Allen, op.cit.

            61. Brady, op.cit.

            62. Cesari, op.cit.

            63. Communication from the European Commission, "Common Agenda for Integration," September 1, 2005.

            64. Cesari (c), "Muslims in European Public Spheres and the Limits of Liberal Theories of Citizenship."

            65. Al-Azmeh, op. cit., 9.

            66. Karlsson, "Muslim Immigrants."

            67. March, "Reading Tariq Ramadan."

            68. Karlsson, op. cit.

            69. EUMC, "Muslims in the European Union."

            70. Masood, "Swapping Treasures, Sharing Losses, Celebrating Futures."

            71. Esposito, The Future of Islam.

            72. Öktem, et. al., Muslims in the European 'Mediascape.'

            73. Menocal, The Ornament of the World, The Center for Dialogues, "Europe and Islam."

            74. Masood, op. cit.

            75. Haddad and Smith, eds., Muslim Minorities in the West.

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