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      THE PRICE OF "COARTACIÓN" IN THE HISPANIC CARIBBEAN: HOW MUCH FREEDOM DOES THE MASTER OWE TO THE SLAVE?

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            Abstract

            This article examines the concept of coartación, a specific type of manumission that pertained to slavery in the Hispanic Caribbean, through which slaves were allowed to purchase their freedom on a gradual basis. They were considered 'free' in exchange for compensation for the owner. However, coartados became troublemakers when there was a shift in the meaning of their condition and its regulation. Although a new legal space was opened for them, coartados lost their status as a kind of servant elite and they found this to be a major disadvantage. This latter circumstance was a side effect of the Cuban sugar revolution. The economic structure implied that coercive labour and work motivation was not a good match, especially when the institution of slavery was in crisis. Eventually, manumission stopped being an intrinsic quality of coartación.

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            Journal
            intejcubastud
            10.2307/j50005551
            International Journal of Cuban Studies
            Pluto Journals
            17563461
            1 July 2012
            : 4
            : 2
            : 200-210
            Article
            10.2307/41945976
            08e1e01d-24cd-454a-82e7-f0e8bc76ceee
            © INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF CUBA

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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            Categories
            Academic Articles

            Literary studies,Arts,Social & Behavioral Sciences,History,Cultural studies,Economics

            Notes

            1. Archivo Nacional de Cuba (ANC), particularly the section of the Gobierno Superior Civil (GSC), such as 'Correspondencia sobre esclavitud. Años 1834-1842', ANC, GSC, leg. 937, exp. 33052, 'Correspondencia sobre esclavitud. Años 1854-1858', ANC, GSC, leg. 950, exp. 33616,

            2. 'Minutes of Evidence by Committee of Council of Trinidad inquiring into Negro Character', House of Commons Parliamentary Papers Online, 2006, pp. 50-8. Enoch Lewis, Philadelphia, 1828, vol. 1, pp. 299.

            3. Bernard Vincent, Minorías y marginados en la España del siglo XVI (Granada: Diputación Provincial de Granada, 1987), p. 253.

            4. Manuel Alonso Olea, De la servidumbre al contrato de trabajo (Madrid: Tecnos, 1987; 2nd edition), pp. 161-2.

            5. 1°', (1865), ANC, GSC, leg. 961, exp. 34058.

            6. 'La morena Mariana sobre coartación de una esclava', loc. cit.

            7. José Luis Belmonte, 'Con la plata ganada y su propio esfuerzo. Los mecanismos de manumisión en Santiago de Cuba, 1780-1803', Revista del Grupo de Estudios Afroamericanos de la Universidad de Barcelona, EAVirtual, 2005, pp. 1-33.

            8. Sandra Lauderdale Graham, 'Slavery's Impasse: Slave Prostitutes, Small-Time Mistresses, and the Brazilian Law of 1871', Comparative Studies in Society and History 33(4), 1991: 669-94. M. Karasch, 'From Porterage to Proprietorship', in Stanley L. Engerman and Eugene D. Genovese (eds) Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 369-93. Ma del Carmen Barcia, 'Entre el poder y la crisis: las prostitutas se defienden', in Luisa Campuzano, Mujeres latinoamericanas: Historia y cultura. Siglos XVI al XIX, vol. I (La Habana: Casa de las Américas, 1997), pp. 263-73.

            9. Ley IV, tit. XXII, part. IV, cited in Federico Zalba and Bienvenido Cano, El Libro de los síndicos del ayuntamiento y de las Juntas Protectoras de Libertos por recopilación cronológica de las disposiciones legales a que deben sujetarse los actos de unos y otros (La Habana: Imprenta del Gobernador y Capitanía General por Su Majestad, 1875), p. 152. Alan Watson, Slave Law in the Americas (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1989), p. 46. Fuente, 'Slavery and Claims-making in Cuba: The Tannenbaum Debate Revisited', Law and History Review, Ithaca, 22(2), 2004: 339-69.

            10. Camillia Cowling, '"As a Slave Woman and As a Mother': Women and the Abolition of Slavery in Havana and Rio de Janeiro', Social History 36(3), 2011: 294-311.

            11. ANC, Audiencia de Santo Domingo, leg. 130.

            12. Ibid.

            13. Manuel Lucena Salmoral's Los códigos negros de la América Española (Madrid: Ediciones UNESCO, 1996).

            14. Javier Malagón, Código negro carolino (Santo Domingo: Taller, 1974), pp. 206-7.

            15. ANC, Audiencia de Santo Domingo, leg. 130.

            16. 'Correspondencia sobre esclavitud. Año 1839', ANC, GSC, leg. 939, exp. 33112.

            17. 'The African observer...', loc. cit.

            18. Richard Konetzke (ed.), Colección de documentos para la historia de la formación social de Hispanoamérica) 1493-1810, vol. 3 (Madrid: CSIC, Instituto Jaime Balmes, 1962), pp. 360-1 and 631-5. Manuel Lucena Salmoral, 'El derecho de la coartación del esclavo en la América española', Revista de Indias, Madrid, LIX/216, 1999: 357-73.

            19. Eugenio Petit Muñoz et al., La condición jurídica , sociály económica y política de los negros durante el coloniaje en la Banda Oriental, vol. 1 (Publicaciones oficiales de la facultad de derecho y ciencias sociales, Talleres Gráficos '33', 1947), pp. 228-9.

            20. Manuel Lucena Salmoral, Los códigos, p. 280. Antonio Dougnac Rodriguez, Manual de Historia del Derecho Indiano, vol. 1 (México, DF: UNAM Legal Research Institute, 2008), p. 117.

            21. Manuel Lucena Salmoral, 'El Código negro de Puerto Rico, 1826', BAPH, vols XIV-XV, nos 45-48, Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia, 1993-94, p. 115.

            22. 'Expediente promovido por el negro Víctor criollo que pide su coartación y libertad', (1862), ANC, GSC, leg. 954, exp. 33707.

            23. Gloria García, La esclavitud desde la esclavitud (La Habana: Ciencias Sociales, 2003), p. 43.

            24. Receiverships regulation, art. 11: see Federico Zalba and Bienvenido Cano, El Libro, p. 46.

            25. Luis M. Díaz Soler, Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico (San Juan: Institute of Puerto Rico Culture, 1953), p. 159.

            26. Eduardo Martiré, Las Audiencias y la Administración de justicia en las Indias (Madrid: UAM, 2005), p. 14.

            27. ANC, Consejo de administración, leg. 3, exp. 108. Federico Zalba and Bienvenido Cano, El Libro, pp. 59, 56 and 81.

            28. Manuel Lucena Salmoral's appendix, Los códigos negros, p. 298.

            29. Rafael Duharte Jiménez, Seis ensayos de interpretación histórica (Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente, 1983), p. 17.

            30. 'Expediente sobre los derechos de los coartados', (1880), ANC, ME 4092, bk.

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