Commodification of Healthcare and its Consequences

Isaac Christiansen, null

doi:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.8.1.0082

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World Review of Political Economy

Volume 8, Issue 1

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Commodification of Healthcare and its Consequences

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Author(s): Isaac Christiansen

Publication date (Print): Spring 2017

Journal: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: political economy of healthcare, capitalism and healthcare, health financing, privatization

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Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): worlrevipoliecon

Title: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 2042891X

ISSN (Electronic): 20428928

Publication date (Print): Spring 2017

Volume: 8

Issue: 1

Pages: 82-103

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Publisher ID: worlrevipoliecon.8.1.0082

DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.8.1.0082

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History

References

AVN (Agencia Venezolana de Noticias). 2013. “Cuba Destinará 54% del presupuesto de 2014 a servicios sociales [54% of Cuba's budget went to social services in 2014].” Agencia Venozolana de Noticias , December 21. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.avn.info.ve/contenido/cuba-destinará-54-del-presupuesto-2014-servicios-sociales.
Andrews, C. 2015. “The Doctor Will See You Now. First, Your Copay. The Erosion of Health Security under the Affordable Care Act.” MRZine , April 29. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/andrews290415.html.
Applbaum, K. 2009. “Marketing Global Healthcare: The Practices of Big Pharma.” in The Socialist Register 2010: Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 84–102. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review.
Association of Credit and Collection Professionals. 2016. “Healthcare Collection Statistics.” Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.acainternational.org/advocacy/industry-research-statistics.
Basu, S. 2009. “Building a Comprehensive Public Health Movement: Learning for the HIV/AIDS Mobilization.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 295–314. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review Press.
Benavides, F. G., J. Benach, A. V. Diez-Roux, and C. Roman. 2000. “How Do Types of Employment Relate to Health Indicators? Findings from the Second European Survey on Working Conditions.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 54 (7): 494–501.
Bennett, S., and L. Gilson. 2001. “Health Financing: Designing and Implementing Pro-Poor Policies.” London: Department for International Development Health Systems Resource Centre. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.heart-resources.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Health-financing.pdf.
Brenner, J., J. Ross, J. Simmons, and S. Zaidi. 2000. “Neoliberal Trade and Investment and the Health of Maquiladora Workers on the US-Mexico Border.” in Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor , edited by J. Y. Kim, J. V. Millen, A. Irwin, and J. Gersham, 261–90. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
Brenner, R. 2003. The Boom and the Bubble: The US in the World Economy . London: Verso.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2011. “Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in US Mortality Rates.” National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief. Accessed October 25, 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.htm.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. n.d. “National Health Expenditures Projections.” Accessed May 3, 2016. https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/downloads/proj2012.pdf.
Coburn, D. 2004. “Beyond the Income Inequality Hypothesis: Class, Neo-liberalism, and Health Inequalities.” Social Science & Medicine 58: 41–56.
Cox, C., A. Semanskee, G. Claxton, and L. Levitt. 2016. “Explaining Health Care Reform: Risk Adjustment, Reinsurance, and Risk Corridors.” KFF.org , August 17. Accessed September 6, 2016. http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/explaining-health-care-reform-risk-adjustment-reinsurance-and-risk-corridors/.
Davis, K., K. Stremikis, D. Squires, and C. Schoen. 2014. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System Compares Internationally.” The Commonwealth Fund. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2010/jun/mirror-mirror-update.
DHSS (Department of Health and Social Security). 1980. “The Black Report.” Socialist Health Association. Accessed July 16, 2015. http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/public-health-and-wellbeing/poverty-and-inequality/the-black-report-1980.
Farmer, P. 2005. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Feinsilver, J. 1993. Healing the Masses: Cuban Health Politics at Home and Abroad . Berkeley: University of California Press.
Foster, J. B., and F. Magdoff. 2014. “Stagnation and Financialization: The Nature of the Contradiction.” Monthly Review 66 (1): 1–24.
Foster, J. B., and R. W. McChesney. 2012. The Endless Crisis: How Monopoly-Finance Capital Produces Stagnation and Upheaval from the USA to China . New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
Gaceta Oficial de Cuba. 2014. “Texto de la Ley No. 118 de la Inversion Extranjera [Text of Act No. 118 of Foreign Investment].” Granma , April 16. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2014-04-16/asamblea-nacional-del-poder-popular.
The Galen Institute. n.d. “Mission and History.” Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.galen.org/about/mission-and-history.
Gareau, B. J. 2012. “The Limited Influence of Global Civil Society: International Environmental Non-governmental Organisations and the Methyl Bromide Controversy in the Montreal Protocol.” Environmental Politics 21 (1): 88–107.
Gottschalk, M. 2009. “US Health Reform and the Stolkholm Syndrome.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 103–24. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review Press.
Haislmaier, E. F. 2008. “Health Care Reform: Design Principles for a Patient-Centered, Consumer-Based Market.” The Heritage Foundation. Accessed December 12, 2016. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/health-care-reform-design-principles-for-a-patient-centered-consumer-based-market.
Halpern, R. 1997. Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904–54 . Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Hart, T. 1971. “The Inverse Care Law.” The Lancet 297 (7696): 405–12.
Harvey, D. 2010. The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
The Heritage Foundation. 2016. “Health Care.” Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.heritage.org/issues/health-care.
Hermann, C. 2009. “The Marketization of Health Care in Europe.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 125–44. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review Press.
Hill, A. G., W. B. MacLeid, D. Joof, P. Gomez, and G. Walraven. 2000. “Decline of Mortality in Children in Rural Gambia: The Influence of Village-Level Primary Health Care.” Tropical Medicine & International Health 5 (2): 107–18.
Hossein-Zadeh, I. 2006. The Political Economy of US Militarism . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hossein-Zadeh, I. 2014. Beyond Mainstream Explanations of the Financial Crisis: Parasitic Finance Capital . New York, NY: Routledge Frontiers.
Kentikelenis, A., M. Karanikolos, A. Reeves, M. McKee, and D. Stuckler. 2014. “Greece's Health Crisis: From Austerity to Denialism.” The Lancet 383: 748–53.
Leys, C. 2009. “Health, Health Care and Capitalism.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 1–28. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review.
Magnussen, L., J. Ehiri, and P. Jolly. 2004. “Comprehensive versus Selective Primary Health Care: Lessons for Global Health Policy.” Health Affairs 23 (3): 167–76.
Mandel, E. 1978. “Introduction.” in Capital , vol. II, edited by K. Marx, 11–79. London: Penguin Books.
Marmot, M. G., G. Rose, M. Shipley, and P. J. S. Hamilton. 1978. “Employment Grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British Civil Servants.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 32: 244–49.
Marx, K. (1867) 1976. Capital , vol. I. London: Penguin Books.
Marx, K. (1894) 1981. Capital , vol. III. London: Penguin Books.
Matcha, D. A. 2000. Medical Sociology . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
McKinlay, J. B., and S. M. McKinlay. 1977. “The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century.” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 55: 481–91.
Medicaid. n.d. “Eligibility.” Accessed October 24, 2016. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/eligibility/index.html.
Muntaner, C., H. Chung, O. Solar, V. Santana, A. Castedo, J. Benach, and EMCONET Network. 2010. “A Macro-Level Model of Employment Relations and Health Inequalities.” International Journal of Health Services 40 (2): 215–21.
NCCP (National Council for Children in Poverty). 2014. “Measuring Poverty.” Accessed October 24, 2016. http://www.nccp.org/topics/measuringpoverty.html.
Navarro, V. 1976. Medicine under Capitalism . New York, NY: Prodist.
Navarro, V., and L. Shi. 2001. “The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health.” Social Science & Medicine 52: 481–91.
Pfiefer, J., W. Johnson, M. Fort, A. Shakow, S. Gloyd, and K. Gimbel-Sher. 2008. “Strengthening Health Systems in Poor Countries: A Code of Conduct for Nongovernmental Organizations.” American Journal of Public Health 98 (12): 2134–40.
Saney, I. 2004. Cuba: A Revolution in Motion . London: Fernwood Publishing and Zed Books.
Schoepf, B. G., C. Schoepf, and J. Millen. 2000. Theoretical Therapies, Remote Remedies: SAPs and the Political Ecology of Poverty and Health in Africa . Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
Shleifer, A. 1998. “State versus Private Ownership.” Working paper, no. 6665, National bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.nber.org/papers/w6665.pdf?new_window=1.
Smith-Nonini, S. 2000. “The Smoke and Mirrors of Health Reform in El Salvador: Community Health NGOs and the Not-so-Neoliberal State.” in Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor , edited by J. Y. Kim, J. V. Millen, A. Irwin, and J. Gersham, 359–81. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.
Stormquist, S. 1993. Solidarity and Survival: An Oral History of Iowa Labor in the Twentieth Century . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
SAPRIN (Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network). 2004. Structural Adjustment: The Policy Roots of Economic Crisis, Poverty and Inequality . London: Zed Books.
Suarez-Villa, L. 2012. Globalization and Technocapitalism: The Political Economy of Corporate Power and Technological Domination . Farnham: Ashgate.
Unger, R. 2011. “More Proof That the American For-Profit Health Insurance Model Is Doomed.” Forbes Magazine , December 28. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2011/12/28/more-proof-that-the-american-for-profit-health-insurance-model-is-doomed/.
Waitzkin, H., and I. Hellander. 2016. “Obamacare: The Neoliberal Model Comes Home to Roost.” Monthly Review 68 (1): 1–18.
Wall Street Journal . 2016. “Aetna's Obamacare Shock: Expecting to Lose $300 Million, the Insurer May Opt Out.” Wall Street Journal , August 2. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/aetnas-obamacare-shock-1470178316.
Whitehead, M. 2007. “A Typology of Actions to Tackle Social Inequalities in Health.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61 (6): 473–78.
Wolff, R. 2012. Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism . Chicago: Haymarket Books.
World Health Organization. 2006. “Working Together for Health: The World Health Report 2006.” The World Health Organization, Geneva. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06_en.pdf.
World Health Organization. 2010. “The World Health Report: Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage.” The World Health Organization, Geneva. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44371/1/9789241564021_eng.pdf.
World Health Organization. 2016. “Health Expenditure Ratios, by Country, 1995–2014: United States of America.” Global Health Observatory. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.HEALTHEXPRATIOUSA?lang=en.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] AVN (Agencia Venezolana de Noticias). 2013. “Cuba Destinará 54% del presupuesto de 2014 a servicios sociales [54% of Cuba's budget went to social services in 2014].” Agencia Venozolana de Noticias , December 21. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.avn.info.ve/contenido/cuba-destinará-54-del-presupuesto-2014-servicios-sociales.

[2] Andrews, C. 2015. “The Doctor Will See You Now. First, Your Copay. The Erosion of Health Security under the Affordable Care Act.” MRZine , April 29. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2015/andrews290415.html.

[3] Applbaum, K. 2009. “Marketing Global Healthcare: The Practices of Big Pharma.” in The Socialist Register 2010: Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 84–102. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review.

[4] Association of Credit and Collection Professionals. 2016. “Healthcare Collection Statistics.” Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.acainternational.org/advocacy/industry-research-statistics.

[5] Basu, S. 2009. “Building a Comprehensive Public Health Movement: Learning for the HIV/AIDS Mobilization.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 295–314. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review Press.

[6] Benavides, F. G., J. Benach, A. V. Diez-Roux, and C. Roman. 2000. “How Do Types of Employment Relate to Health Indicators? Findings from the Second European Survey on Working Conditions.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 54 (7): 494–501.

[7] Bennett, S., and L. Gilson. 2001. “Health Financing: Designing and Implementing Pro-Poor Policies.” London: Department for International Development Health Systems Resource Centre. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.heart-resources.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Health-financing.pdf.

[8] Brenner, J., J. Ross, J. Simmons, and S. Zaidi. 2000. “Neoliberal Trade and Investment and the Health of Maquiladora Workers on the US-Mexico Border.” in Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor , edited by J. Y. Kim, J. V. Millen, A. Irwin, and J. Gersham, 261–90. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.

[9] Brenner, R. 2003. The Boom and the Bubble: The US in the World Economy . London: Verso.

[10] CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2011. “Understanding Racial and Ethnic Disparities in US Mortality Rates.” National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief. Accessed October 25, 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.htm.

[11] Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. n.d. “National Health Expenditures Projections.” Accessed May 3, 2016. https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata/downloads/proj2012.pdf.

[12] Coburn, D. 2004. “Beyond the Income Inequality Hypothesis: Class, Neo-liberalism, and Health Inequalities.” Social Science & Medicine 58: 41–56.

[13] Cox, C., A. Semanskee, G. Claxton, and L. Levitt. 2016. “Explaining Health Care Reform: Risk Adjustment, Reinsurance, and Risk Corridors.” KFF.org , August 17. Accessed September 6, 2016. http://kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/explaining-health-care-reform-risk-adjustment-reinsurance-and-risk-corridors/.

[14] Davis, K., K. Stremikis, D. Squires, and C. Schoen. 2014. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System Compares Internationally.” The Commonwealth Fund. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2010/jun/mirror-mirror-update.

[15] DHSS (Department of Health and Social Security). 1980. “The Black Report.” Socialist Health Association. Accessed July 16, 2015. http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/public-health-and-wellbeing/poverty-and-inequality/the-black-report-1980.

[16] Farmer, P. 2005. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor . Berkeley: University of California Press.

[17] Feinsilver, J. 1993. Healing the Masses: Cuban Health Politics at Home and Abroad . Berkeley: University of California Press.

[18] Foster, J. B., and F. Magdoff. 2014. “Stagnation and Financialization: The Nature of the Contradiction.” Monthly Review 66 (1): 1–24.

[19] Foster, J. B., and R. W. McChesney. 2012. The Endless Crisis: How Monopoly-Finance Capital Produces Stagnation and Upheaval from the USA to China . New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.

[20] Gaceta Oficial de Cuba. 2014. “Texto de la Ley No. 118 de la Inversion Extranjera [Text of Act No. 118 of Foreign Investment].” Granma , April 16. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2014-04-16/asamblea-nacional-del-poder-popular.

[21] The Galen Institute. n.d. “Mission and History.” Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.galen.org/about/mission-and-history.

[22] Gareau, B. J. 2012. “The Limited Influence of Global Civil Society: International Environmental Non-governmental Organisations and the Methyl Bromide Controversy in the Montreal Protocol.” Environmental Politics 21 (1): 88–107.

[23] Gottschalk, M. 2009. “US Health Reform and the Stolkholm Syndrome.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 103–24. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review Press.

[24] Haislmaier, E. F. 2008. “Health Care Reform: Design Principles for a Patient-Centered, Consumer-Based Market.” The Heritage Foundation. Accessed December 12, 2016. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2008/04/health-care-reform-design-principles-for-a-patient-centered-consumer-based-market.

[25] Halpern, R. 1997. Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904–54 . Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

[26] Hart, T. 1971. “The Inverse Care Law.” The Lancet 297 (7696): 405–12.

[27] Harvey, D. 2010. The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

[28] The Heritage Foundation. 2016. “Health Care.” Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.heritage.org/issues/health-care.

[29] Hermann, C. 2009. “The Marketization of Health Care in Europe.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 125–44. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review Press.

[30] Hill, A. G., W. B. MacLeid, D. Joof, P. Gomez, and G. Walraven. 2000. “Decline of Mortality in Children in Rural Gambia: The Influence of Village-Level Primary Health Care.” Tropical Medicine & International Health 5 (2): 107–18.

[31] Hossein-Zadeh, I. 2006. The Political Economy of US Militarism . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

[32] Hossein-Zadeh, I. 2014. Beyond Mainstream Explanations of the Financial Crisis: Parasitic Finance Capital . New York, NY: Routledge Frontiers.

[33] Kentikelenis, A., M. Karanikolos, A. Reeves, M. McKee, and D. Stuckler. 2014. “Greece's Health Crisis: From Austerity to Denialism.” The Lancet 383: 748–53.

[34] Leys, C. 2009. “Health, Health Care and Capitalism.” in Socialist Register, 2010. Morbid Symptoms: Health under Capitalism , edited by L. Panitch and C. Leys, 1–28. London: Merlin Press and Monthly Review.

[35] Magnussen, L., J. Ehiri, and P. Jolly. 2004. “Comprehensive versus Selective Primary Health Care: Lessons for Global Health Policy.” Health Affairs 23 (3): 167–76.

[36] Mandel, E. 1978. “Introduction.” in Capital , vol. II, edited by K. Marx, 11–79. London: Penguin Books.

[37] Marmot, M. G., G. Rose, M. Shipley, and P. J. S. Hamilton. 1978. “Employment Grade and Coronary Heart Disease in British Civil Servants.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 32: 244–49.

[38] Marx, K. (1867) 1976. Capital , vol. I. London: Penguin Books.

[39] Marx, K. (1894) 1981. Capital , vol. III. London: Penguin Books.

[40] Matcha, D. A. 2000. Medical Sociology . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

[41] McKinlay, J. B., and S. M. McKinlay. 1977. “The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century.” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 55: 481–91.

[42] Medicaid. n.d. “Eligibility.” Accessed October 24, 2016. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/eligibility/index.html.

[43] Muntaner, C., H. Chung, O. Solar, V. Santana, A. Castedo, J. Benach, and EMCONET Network. 2010. “A Macro-Level Model of Employment Relations and Health Inequalities.” International Journal of Health Services 40 (2): 215–21.

[44] NCCP (National Council for Children in Poverty). 2014. “Measuring Poverty.” Accessed October 24, 2016. http://www.nccp.org/topics/measuringpoverty.html.

[45] Navarro, V. 1976. Medicine under Capitalism . New York, NY: Prodist.

[46] Navarro, V., and L. Shi. 2001. “The Political Context of Social Inequalities and Health.” Social Science & Medicine 52: 481–91.

[47] Pfiefer, J., W. Johnson, M. Fort, A. Shakow, S. Gloyd, and K. Gimbel-Sher. 2008. “Strengthening Health Systems in Poor Countries: A Code of Conduct for Nongovernmental Organizations.” American Journal of Public Health 98 (12): 2134–40.

[48] Saney, I. 2004. Cuba: A Revolution in Motion . London: Fernwood Publishing and Zed Books.

[49] Schoepf, B. G., C. Schoepf, and J. Millen. 2000. Theoretical Therapies, Remote Remedies: SAPs and the Political Ecology of Poverty and Health in Africa . Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.

[50] Shleifer, A. 1998. “State versus Private Ownership.” Working paper, no. 6665, National bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://www.nber.org/papers/w6665.pdf?new_window=1.

[51] Smith-Nonini, S. 2000. “The Smoke and Mirrors of Health Reform in El Salvador: Community Health NGOs and the Not-so-Neoliberal State.” in Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor , edited by J. Y. Kim, J. V. Millen, A. Irwin, and J. Gersham, 359–81. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press.

[52] Stormquist, S. 1993. Solidarity and Survival: An Oral History of Iowa Labor in the Twentieth Century . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

[53] SAPRIN (Structural Adjustment Participatory Review International Network). 2004. Structural Adjustment: The Policy Roots of Economic Crisis, Poverty and Inequality . London: Zed Books.

[54] Suarez-Villa, L. 2012. Globalization and Technocapitalism: The Political Economy of Corporate Power and Technological Domination . Farnham: Ashgate.

[55] Unger, R. 2011. “More Proof That the American For-Profit Health Insurance Model Is Doomed.” Forbes Magazine , December 28. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2011/12/28/more-proof-that-the-american-for-profit-health-insurance-model-is-doomed/.

[56] Waitzkin, H., and I. Hellander. 2016. “Obamacare: The Neoliberal Model Comes Home to Roost.” Monthly Review 68 (1): 1–18.

[57] Wall Street Journal . 2016. “Aetna's Obamacare Shock: Expecting to Lose $300 Million, the Insurer May Opt Out.” Wall Street Journal , August 2. Accessed April 28, 2016. http://www.wsj.com/articles/aetnas-obamacare-shock-1470178316.

[58] Whitehead, M. 2007. “A Typology of Actions to Tackle Social Inequalities in Health.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61 (6): 473–78.

[59] Wolff, R. 2012. Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism . Chicago: Haymarket Books.

[60] World Health Organization. 2006. “Working Together for Health: The World Health Report 2006.” The World Health Organization, Geneva. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06_en.pdf.

[61] World Health Organization. 2010. “The World Health Report: Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage.” The World Health Organization, Geneva. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44371/1/9789241564021_eng.pdf.

[62] World Health Organization. 2016. “Health Expenditure Ratios, by Country, 1995–2014: United States of America.” Global Health Observatory. Accessed December 13, 2016. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.HEALTHEXPRATIOUSA?lang=en.

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