Paradoxes, problems and potentialities of online work platforms

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Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Volume 11, Issue 2

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Paradoxes, problems and potentialities of online work platforms

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Author(s): Nancy Ettlinger

Publication date (Print): Winter 2017

Journal: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): workorgalaboglob

Title: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 1745641X

ISSN (Electronic): 17456428

Publication date (Print): Winter 2017

Volume: 11

Issue: 2

Pages: 21-38

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Publisher ID: workorgalaboglob.11.2.0021

DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.11.2.0021

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology,Labor law,Political science,Labor & Demographic economics,Political economics

References

Agrawal, A., J. Horton, N. Lacetera & E. Lyons (2013) ‘Digitization and the contract labor market: a research agenda’, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 19525, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Amin, A. & N. Thrift (1995) ‘Globalization, institutional “thickness” and the local economy’ in P. Healy, S. Cameron, S. Davoudi, S. Graham, A. Madani-Pour (eds) Managing Cities: The New Urban Context , Chichester: John Wiley: 91–108.
Aytes, A. (2013) ‘Return of the crowds: Mechanical Turk and neoliberal states of exception’ in T. Scholtz (ed) Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory , New York: Routledge: 79–97.
Beck, U. (2000) The Brave New World of Work , P. Camiller (trans.). Malden: Polity Press.
Beerepoot, N. & B. Lambregts (2015) ‘Competition in the online job marketplaces: towards a global labour market for outsourcing services?’, Global Networks , 15:1470–2266.
Bergvall-K→reborn, B. & D. Howcroft (2014) ‘Amazon Mechanical Turk and the commodification of labour’, New Technology, Work and Employment , 29: 213–23.
Brabham, D.C. (2010) ‘Moving the crowd at Threadless: motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application’, Information, Communication & Society , 13: 1122–45.
Brabham, D.C. (2012) The myth of amateur crowds: a critical discourse analysis of crowdsourcing coverage. Information, Communication & Society 15: 394–410.
Burroni, L. & M. Keune (2011). Flexicurity: a conceptual critique. European Journal of Industrial Relations , 17: 75–91.
E Pluribus Unum (2014) ‘United States federal government use of crowdsourcing grows six-fold since 2011’, May, 7. Accessed June, 1, 2017 from http://e-pluribusunum.org/2014/05/07/united-states-government-crowdsourcing-open-innovation/.
Esposti, C, D., Albert & D. Evans (2012) ‘Enterprise crowdsourcing: changing the way work gets done’, Webinar , Accessed June, 1, 2017 from http://info.lionbridge.com/rs/lionbridge/images/Enterprise%20Crowdsourcing%20Webinar%20PDF.pdf.
Ettlinger, N. (2016) The governance of crowdsourcing: rationalities of the new exploitation. Environment and Planning A , 48: 2162–80.
Ettlinger, N. (2017a) ‘Open innovation and its discontents’, Geoforum 80: 61–71
Ettlinger, N. (2017b) ‘Reversing the instrumentality of the social for the economic: a critical agenda for 21st-century knowledge networks’ in J. Glückler, E. Lazega & I. Hammer (eds) Knowledge and Networks: Topographies and Topologies of Knowledge , Heidelberg: Springer series on Knowledge and Space: 25–51.
Felsteiner, A. (2011) ‘Working the crowd: employment and labor law in the crowdsourcing industry’, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law , 32: 143–203.
Foster, G. & S. Plunkett (2013) ‘“Freelancer.com” executive case: Australia’, World Economic Forum , Accessed May, 27, 2017 from http://reports.weforum.org/new-models-for-entrepreneurship/illustrative-executive-cases/freelancer-com-executive-case-australia/.
Gino, F. & B. Staats (2012) ‘The microwork solution’, Harvard Business Review , December, Accessed November, 03, 2017 from https://hbr.org/2012/12/the-microwork-solution.
Graham, M. (2014) ‘Internet geographies’ in M. Graham & W.H. Dutton (eds) Society and the Internet . New York: Oxford University Press: 99–116.
Hardt, M. & A. Negri (2000) Empire . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hayek, FA. (1945) ‘The use of knowledge in society’, The American Economic Review , 35: 519–30.
Huws, U. (2003) The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World . New York: Monthly Review Press.
Huws, U. (2016) ‘New forms of platform employment’ in W. Wobbe, E. Bova & C. Dragomirescu-Gaina (eds) The Digital Economy and the Single Market , Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies: 65–81.
Ipeirotis, P.G. (2010) Demographics of Mechanical Turk , archive@NYU, Accessed May, 30, 2017 from https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/29801/4/CeDER-10-04.pdf.
Irani, L. (2015) ‘The cultural work of microwork’, New Media and Society , 17: 720–739.
Irani, L. & M.S. Silberman (2013) ‘Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk’, Paper presented at CHI , ACM, April, 27–May, 2, 2013.
Janah, L. (2009) ‘Samasource: empowering the poor through remote work’, May, 27. Accessed May, 30, 2017 from http://www.slideshare.net/leila_c/samasource.
Kingsley, S.C., S.L. Gray & S. Suri (2014) ‘Monopsony and the crowd’, Paper presented at The Internet, Policy, and Politics , University of Oxford, September, 25–26, 2014.
Knight, K. (2016) Can you use Facebook? You've got a job in Kathmandu on the new CloudFactory. The Huffington Post , March, 5. Accessed May, 27, 2017 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/cloud-factory-nepal_b_2708129.html.
Law, E. & L. von Ahn (2011) Human Computation , ebook. San Rafael: Morgan & Claypool.
Lazzarato, M. (1996) ‘Immaterial labor’ in P. Virno & M. Hardy (eds) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics , Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 133–50.
Lehdonvirta, V. (2016) ‘Algorithms that divide and unite: delocalisation, identity, and collective action in ‘microwork’’ in J. Flecker (ed.) Space, Place and Global Digital Work: Dynamics of Virtual Work , London: Palgrave Macmillan: 53–80.
Lodovici, M.S. & R. Semenza (eds) (2012) Precarious Work and High-Skilled Youth in Europe . Milan: FrancoAngeli.
Loten, A. (2012) ‘Small talk: small firms, start-ups drive crowdsourcing growth’, Wall Street Journal , February, 12. Accessed June, 1, 2017 from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204653604577251293100111420.
Lynch, M., D. Freelon & S. Aday (2016) How Social Media Undermines Transitions to Democracy , Washington: PeaceTech Lab.
Malik, F., B. Nicholson & R. Heeks (2017) ‘Understanding the development implications of online outsourcing’ in J. Choudrie, M.S, Islam, J.M. Bass, and J.E. Priyatma (eds) Information and Communication Technologies for Development . Cham, Switzerland, Springer: 25–36.
Massolution (2012) ‘Enterprise crowdsourcing: market, provider and worker trends’, Crowdsourcing Industry Report. Accessed March, 2, 2016 from http://www.crowdsourcing.org/document/enterprise-crowdsourcing-research-report-by-massolution-market-provider-and-worker-trends/13132.
Mcllwain, C. (2016) ‘Racial formation, inequality and the political economy of web traffic’, Information, Communication & Society , 20: 1073–89.
Merz, S. (2016) ‘Health and ancestry starts here’: race and presumption in direct-to-customer genetic testing services', Ephemera , 16: 119–40.
Metters, R. & R. Verma (2008) ‘History of offshoring knowledge services’, Journal of Operations Management , 26: 141–7.
Milan, S. (2015) ‘From social movements to cloud protesting: the evolution of collective identity’, Information, Communication & Society , 18: 887–900.
Milland, K. (2016) ‘Crowd work: the fury and the fear’ in W. Wobbe, E. Bova & C. Dragomirescu-Gaina (eds) The Digital Economy and the Single Market , Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies: 83–92.
Papacharissi, Z. (2015) Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics . New York: Oxford University Press.
Pavlick, E., M. Post, D. Kachaev & C. Callison-Burch (2014) ‘The language demographics of Amazon Mechanical Turk’, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , 2: 79–92.
Prahalad, C.K. & S.L. Hart (2002) ‘The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid’, Business and Strategy , 26 (1):1–14.
Prassl, J. & M. Risak (2016) ‘Uber, TaskRabbit & Co: platforms as employers? Rethinking the legal analysis of crowdwork’, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal , 37: 619–51.
Raco, M. (1998) ‘Assessing “institutional thickness” in local context: a comparison of Cardiff and Sheffield’, Environment and Planning A , 30: 975–96.
Roth, Y., F. Pétavy & J. Céré (2015) ‘The state of crowdsourcing in 2015: how the world's biggest brands and companies are opening up to consumer creativity’, eYeka. Accessed June, 1, 2017 from https://en.eyeka.com/resources/analyst-reports?utm_campaign=csr&utm_content=1&utm_medium=act&utm_source=cpr&utm_term=en#CSreport2015.
Sandoval, M. & C. Fuchs (2010) ‘Towards a critical theory of alternative media’, Telematics and Informatics , 27: 141–50.
Sandoval, M., C. Fuchs, J.A. Prodnik, S. Sevignani & T. Allmer (eds) (2014) “Philosophers of the world unite! Theorising digital labor and virtual work: definitions, dimensions, and forms, special issue. Triple C: Communication, Capitalism & Critique , 12 (2):464–801.
Schmidt F.A. (2017) Digital Labour Markets in the Global Economy: Mapping the Political Challenges of Crowd Work and Gig Work . Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Scholz, T. (ed.) (2013) Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory . New York: Routledge.
Scholz, T. (2016) Platform Cooperativism: Challenging the Corporate Sharing Economy . New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
Scholz, T. (2017) Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy . Malden: Polity Press.
Scholz, T. & N. Schneider (eds) (2017) Ours to Hack and to Own: The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, A New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet . New York: OR Books.
Shaiken, H. (1994) ‘Advanced manufacturing and Mexico: a new international division of labor?’, Latin American Research Review , 29: 39–71.
Sobré-Denton, M. (2015) Virtual intercultural bridgework: social media, virtual cosmopolitanism, and activist community-building. New Media & Society , 18: 1715–31.
Standing, G. (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. New York: Bloomsbury.
Stanford Crowd Research Collective (2015) ‘Daemo: a self-governed crowdsourcing marketplace’, UIST '15 Adjunct , ACM, November, 8–11, 2015.
Tamazashvili, E. (2012) ‘Online marketplaces – the pros and cons’, The Global Journal , June, 18. Accessed May, 27, 2017 from http://theglobaljournal.net/group/youth-and-social-development/article/742/.
Turfekci, Z. (2017) Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest . New Haven: Yale University Press.
Virno, P. (2004) A Grammar of the Multitude: For an Analysis of Contemporary Forms of Life . New York: Semiotext(e).
Widmer, S. (2016) ‘Experiencing a personalized, augmented reality: users of Foursquare in urban space’, in L. Amoore & V. Piotukh (eds) Algorithmic Life: Calculative Devices in the Age of Big Data , New York: Routledge: 57–71.
Wobbe, W., E. Bova & C. Dragomirescu-Gaina (eds) (2016) The Digital Economy and the Single Market . Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies.
World Bank Group (2016) ‘Digital dividends’, World Development Report, Washington: The World Bank.
Xiang, B. (2007) Global ‘Body Shopping’: An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Agrawal, A., J. Horton, N. Lacetera & E. Lyons (2013) ‘Digitization and the contract labor market: a research agenda’, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 19525, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research.

[2] Amin, A. & N. Thrift (1995) ‘Globalization, institutional “thickness” and the local economy’ in P. Healy, S. Cameron, S. Davoudi, S. Graham, A. Madani-Pour (eds) Managing Cities: The New Urban Context , Chichester: John Wiley: 91–108.

[3] Aytes, A. (2013) ‘Return of the crowds: Mechanical Turk and neoliberal states of exception’ in T. Scholtz (ed) Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory , New York: Routledge: 79–97.

[4] Beck, U. (2000) The Brave New World of Work , P. Camiller (trans.). Malden: Polity Press.

[5] Beerepoot, N. & B. Lambregts (2015) ‘Competition in the online job marketplaces: towards a global labour market for outsourcing services?’, Global Networks , 15:1470–2266.

[6] Bergvall-K→reborn, B. & D. Howcroft (2014) ‘Amazon Mechanical Turk and the commodification of labour’, New Technology, Work and Employment , 29: 213–23.

[7] Brabham, D.C. (2010) ‘Moving the crowd at Threadless: motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application’, Information, Communication & Society , 13: 1122–45.

[8] Brabham, D.C. (2012) The myth of amateur crowds: a critical discourse analysis of crowdsourcing coverage. Information, Communication & Society 15: 394–410.

[9] Burroni, L. & M. Keune (2011). Flexicurity: a conceptual critique. European Journal of Industrial Relations , 17: 75–91.

[10] E Pluribus Unum (2014) ‘United States federal government use of crowdsourcing grows six-fold since 2011’, May, 7. Accessed June, 1, 2017 from http://e-pluribusunum.org/2014/05/07/united-states-government-crowdsourcing-open-innovation/.

[11] Esposti, C, D., Albert & D. Evans (2012) ‘Enterprise crowdsourcing: changing the way work gets done’, Webinar , Accessed June, 1, 2017 from http://info.lionbridge.com/rs/lionbridge/images/Enterprise%20Crowdsourcing%20Webinar%20PDF.pdf.

[12] Ettlinger, N. (2016) The governance of crowdsourcing: rationalities of the new exploitation. Environment and Planning A , 48: 2162–80.

[13] Ettlinger, N. (2017a) ‘Open innovation and its discontents’, Geoforum 80: 61–71

[14] Ettlinger, N. (2017b) ‘Reversing the instrumentality of the social for the economic: a critical agenda for 21st-century knowledge networks’ in J. Glückler, E. Lazega & I. Hammer (eds) Knowledge and Networks: Topographies and Topologies of Knowledge , Heidelberg: Springer series on Knowledge and Space: 25–51.

[15] Felsteiner, A. (2011) ‘Working the crowd: employment and labor law in the crowdsourcing industry’, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law , 32: 143–203.

[16] Foster, G. & S. Plunkett (2013) ‘“Freelancer.com” executive case: Australia’, World Economic Forum , Accessed May, 27, 2017 from http://reports.weforum.org/new-models-for-entrepreneurship/illustrative-executive-cases/freelancer-com-executive-case-australia/.

[17] Gino, F. & B. Staats (2012) ‘The microwork solution’, Harvard Business Review , December, Accessed November, 03, 2017 from https://hbr.org/2012/12/the-microwork-solution.

[18] Graham, M. (2014) ‘Internet geographies’ in M. Graham & W.H. Dutton (eds) Society and the Internet . New York: Oxford University Press: 99–116.

[19] Hardt, M. & A. Negri (2000) Empire . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

[20] Hayek, FA. (1945) ‘The use of knowledge in society’, The American Economic Review , 35: 519–30.

[21] Huws, U. (2003) The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World . New York: Monthly Review Press.

[22] Huws, U. (2016) ‘New forms of platform employment’ in W. Wobbe, E. Bova & C. Dragomirescu-Gaina (eds) The Digital Economy and the Single Market , Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies: 65–81.

[23] Ipeirotis, P.G. (2010) Demographics of Mechanical Turk , archive@NYU, Accessed May, 30, 2017 from https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/29801/4/CeDER-10-04.pdf.

[24] Irani, L. (2015) ‘The cultural work of microwork’, New Media and Society , 17: 720–739.

[25] Irani, L. & M.S. Silberman (2013) ‘Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk’, Paper presented at CHI , ACM, April, 27–May, 2, 2013.

[26] Janah, L. (2009) ‘Samasource: empowering the poor through remote work’, May, 27. Accessed May, 30, 2017 from http://www.slideshare.net/leila_c/samasource.

[27] Kingsley, S.C., S.L. Gray & S. Suri (2014) ‘Monopsony and the crowd’, Paper presented at The Internet, Policy, and Politics , University of Oxford, September, 25–26, 2014.

[28] Knight, K. (2016) Can you use Facebook? You've got a job in Kathmandu on the new CloudFactory. The Huffington Post , March, 5. Accessed May, 27, 2017 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kyle-knight/cloud-factory-nepal_b_2708129.html.

[29] Law, E. & L. von Ahn (2011) Human Computation , ebook. San Rafael: Morgan & Claypool.

[30] Lazzarato, M. (1996) ‘Immaterial labor’ in P. Virno & M. Hardy (eds) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics , Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 133–50.

[31] Lehdonvirta, V. (2016) ‘Algorithms that divide and unite: delocalisation, identity, and collective action in ‘microwork’’ in J. Flecker (ed.) Space, Place and Global Digital Work: Dynamics of Virtual Work , London: Palgrave Macmillan: 53–80.

[32] Lodovici, M.S. & R. Semenza (eds) (2012) Precarious Work and High-Skilled Youth in Europe . Milan: FrancoAngeli.

[33] Loten, A. (2012) ‘Small talk: small firms, start-ups drive crowdsourcing growth’, Wall Street Journal , February, 12. Accessed June, 1, 2017 from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204653604577251293100111420.

[34] Lynch, M., D. Freelon & S. Aday (2016) How Social Media Undermines Transitions to Democracy , Washington: PeaceTech Lab.

[35] Malik, F., B. Nicholson & R. Heeks (2017) ‘Understanding the development implications of online outsourcing’ in J. Choudrie, M.S, Islam, J.M. Bass, and J.E. Priyatma (eds) Information and Communication Technologies for Development . Cham, Switzerland, Springer: 25–36.

[36] Massolution (2012) ‘Enterprise crowdsourcing: market, provider and worker trends’, Crowdsourcing Industry Report. Accessed March, 2, 2016 from http://www.crowdsourcing.org/document/enterprise-crowdsourcing-research-report-by-massolution-market-provider-and-worker-trends/13132.

[37] Mcllwain, C. (2016) ‘Racial formation, inequality and the political economy of web traffic’, Information, Communication & Society , 20: 1073–89.

[38] Merz, S. (2016) ‘Health and ancestry starts here’: race and presumption in direct-to-customer genetic testing services', Ephemera , 16: 119–40.

[39] Metters, R. & R. Verma (2008) ‘History of offshoring knowledge services’, Journal of Operations Management , 26: 141–7.

[40] Milan, S. (2015) ‘From social movements to cloud protesting: the evolution of collective identity’, Information, Communication & Society , 18: 887–900.

[41] Milland, K. (2016) ‘Crowd work: the fury and the fear’ in W. Wobbe, E. Bova & C. Dragomirescu-Gaina (eds) The Digital Economy and the Single Market , Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies: 83–92.

[42] Papacharissi, Z. (2015) Affective Publics: Sentiment, Technology, and Politics . New York: Oxford University Press.

[43] Pavlick, E., M. Post, D. Kachaev & C. Callison-Burch (2014) ‘The language demographics of Amazon Mechanical Turk’, Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , 2: 79–92.

[44] Prahalad, C.K. & S.L. Hart (2002) ‘The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid’, Business and Strategy , 26 (1):1–14.

[45] Prassl, J. & M. Risak (2016) ‘Uber, TaskRabbit & Co: platforms as employers? Rethinking the legal analysis of crowdwork’, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal , 37: 619–51.

[46] Raco, M. (1998) ‘Assessing “institutional thickness” in local context: a comparison of Cardiff and Sheffield’, Environment and Planning A , 30: 975–96.

[47] Roth, Y., F. Pétavy & J. Céré (2015) ‘The state of crowdsourcing in 2015: how the world's biggest brands and companies are opening up to consumer creativity’, eYeka. Accessed June, 1, 2017 from https://en.eyeka.com/resources/analyst-reports?utm_campaign=csr&utm_content=1&utm_medium=act&utm_source=cpr&utm_term=en#CSreport2015.

[48] Sandoval, M. & C. Fuchs (2010) ‘Towards a critical theory of alternative media’, Telematics and Informatics , 27: 141–50.

[49] Sandoval, M., C. Fuchs, J.A. Prodnik, S. Sevignani & T. Allmer (eds) (2014) “Philosophers of the world unite! Theorising digital labor and virtual work: definitions, dimensions, and forms, special issue. Triple C: Communication, Capitalism & Critique , 12 (2):464–801.

[50] Schmidt F.A. (2017) Digital Labour Markets in the Global Economy: Mapping the Political Challenges of Crowd Work and Gig Work . Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

[51] Scholz, T. (ed.) (2013) Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory . New York: Routledge.

[52] Scholz, T. (2016) Platform Cooperativism: Challenging the Corporate Sharing Economy . New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.

[53] Scholz, T. (2017) Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers Are Disrupting the Digital Economy . Malden: Polity Press.

[54] Scholz, T. & N. Schneider (eds) (2017) Ours to Hack and to Own: The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, A New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet . New York: OR Books.

[55] Shaiken, H. (1994) ‘Advanced manufacturing and Mexico: a new international division of labor?’, Latin American Research Review , 29: 39–71.

[56] Sobré-Denton, M. (2015) Virtual intercultural bridgework: social media, virtual cosmopolitanism, and activist community-building. New Media & Society , 18: 1715–31.

[57] Standing, G. (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. New York: Bloomsbury.

[58] Stanford Crowd Research Collective (2015) ‘Daemo: a self-governed crowdsourcing marketplace’, UIST '15 Adjunct , ACM, November, 8–11, 2015.

[59] Tamazashvili, E. (2012) ‘Online marketplaces – the pros and cons’, The Global Journal , June, 18. Accessed May, 27, 2017 from http://theglobaljournal.net/group/youth-and-social-development/article/742/.

[60] Turfekci, Z. (2017) Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest . New Haven: Yale University Press.

[61] Virno, P. (2004) A Grammar of the Multitude: For an Analysis of Contemporary Forms of Life . New York: Semiotext(e).

[62] Widmer, S. (2016) ‘Experiencing a personalized, augmented reality: users of Foursquare in urban space’, in L. Amoore & V. Piotukh (eds) Algorithmic Life: Calculative Devices in the Age of Big Data , New York: Routledge: 57–71.

[63] Wobbe, W., E. Bova & C. Dragomirescu-Gaina (eds) (2016) The Digital Economy and the Single Market . Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies.

[64] World Bank Group (2016) ‘Digital dividends’, World Development Report, Washington: The World Bank.

[65] Xiang, B. (2007) Global ‘Body Shopping’: An Indian Labor System in the Information Technology Industry . Princeton: Princeton University Press.