Authorship, Reception, and Memory in Early Modern Bengal: Songs Attributed to Saiyad Sultān

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Authorship, Reception, and Memory in Early Modern Bengal: Songs Attributed to Saiyad Sultān

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Author(s): Ayesha A. Irani

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2020

Journal: ReOrient

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Keywords: authorship, history and memory, Islam in South Asia, Sufism, Bengal, Bengali Vaiṣṇavism, Bāuls, song literature

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Publication date (Print): 1 April 2020

Volume: 5

Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.13169/reorient.5.issue-2 )

Pages: 198-232

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Literary studies,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,History,Philosophy

Keywords: Bengal,Sufism,Islam in South Asia,history and memory,authorship,song literature,Bāuls,Bengali Vaiṣṇavism

References

Primary Sources

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Caitanyamaṅgala of Jayānanda. Edited by Bimān Bihārī Majumdāra and Sukhamaya Mukhopādhyāya. Jayānananda viracita Caitanyamaṅgala. Kalkātā: The Asiatic Society, 2006 [1971].
The Commentary on the Yogatattvopaniṣat. Adyar: Adyar Library and Research Centre, 1920.
Gorakṣayogaśāstra. “Das Gorakṣayogaśāstra: Diplomatische und kritische Edition mit annotierter Übersetzung.” M.A. Thesis of Nils Jacob Liersch, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 2017.
Jogpradīpikā of Jayatarāma. Edited by Swami Maheshanand, et al. Lonavla: Kaivalyadhama SMYM Samiti, 2006.
Srītattvacintāmaṇi of Pūrṇānanda. Edited by Bhuvanmohan Sankhyatiirtha and Chintamani Bhattacharya, with an Introduction by Prabhodhchandra Bagchi. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1994 [1936].
Nabīvaṃśa of Saiyad Sultān. Edited by Ahmad Sharif. Saiyad Sultān viracita Nabīvaṃśa. 2 vols. Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 1978.
Padāvalī attributed to Caṇḍīdāsa. Caṇḍīdāsera padāvalī. Edited by Bimanbehari Majumdar. Reprint. Calcutta: Baṅgīya Sāhitya Pariṣat [1960/1367 B.S.] 1996/1403 B.Ś.
Padāvalī attributed to Saiyad Sultān. Edited by Ahmad Sharif. Saiyad Sultān viracita Nabīvaṃśa. Vol. 2: 667–79. Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 1978.
Padāvalī of Muslim poets. “Muslim kavira pada-sāhitya.” Edited by Ahmad Sharif. Sāhitya Patrikā 4 (1) 1961/1367 B.S.: 1–195.
Padāvalī on Vaiṣṇava themes attributed to various Muslim authors. Edited by Yatīndra Mohan Bhaṭṭācārya. Bāṅgālāra Vaiṣṇavabhāvāpanna Musalmān kavira padamañjuṣā. Calcutta: Kalikātā Viśvavidyālaya, 1984.
Premavilāsa of Nityānanda Dāsa. Kalikātā: Yashodālāla Tālukadāra, [1917–18] 1324 B.S.
Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā‘ (Dāstānhā-i payāmbarān) of Abū Isḥaq Ibrāhīm bin Manṣūr bin Khalaf al-Nīshābūrī. Edited by Ahsān Yaghmāyī. Qiṣas al-anbiyā‘ (Dāstānhā-i payāmbarān). Tihrān: Kitābkhānah-i Millī-i Īrān, 2003/1382 (Iranian solar).
Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā' of Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh al-Kisā'ī. Vita prophetarum. 2 vols. Edited by Isaac Eisenberg. Lugduni-Batavorum, E. J. Brill, 1922–3.
Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā' of Muḥammad Juwayrī. 4th ed. Tihrān, n.d.
Siddhasiddhāntapaddhati. Edited by M. L. Gharote and G. K. Pai. Lonavla: Lonavla Yoga Institute, 2005.
Śrīkr̥ṣṇavijaya of Mālādhara Basu. 1944. Edited by Khagendranātha Mitra. Kalikātā: Kalikātā Viśvavidyālaya.
Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Translated by Edwin Bryant. Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God, Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X with Chapters 1, 6 and 29–31 from Book XI. London: Penguin Books, 2003.
Vivekamārtāṇḍa of Viśvarūpadeva. Edited by K. Sāmbaśiva Śāstrī. Trivandrum Sanskrit Series No. CXIX, Śrīcitrodayamañjarī No. 8. Trivandrum: Government Press, 1935.

Secondary Sources

Alam, Muzaffar. (1996) Assimilation from a Distance: Confrontation and Sufi Accommodation in Awadh Society. In Champakalakshmi, R. and Gopal, S. (eds.). Tradition, Dissent and Ideology: Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 164–191.
Bhaṭṭācārya, Yatīndra Mohan. (1962) Bāṅgālāra Vaiṣṇava-bhāvāpanna Musalmān kavi. Calcutta: Kalikātā Viśvavidyālaya.
Bhaumika, Kalpanā. (2007 [1992]) Pāṇḍulipi Paṭhana Sahāyikā. Dhaka: Māolā Brādārs.
Bryant, Edwin. (2003) Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God, Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X with Chapters 1, 6 and 29–31 from Book XI. London: Penguin Books.
Chakrabarti, Kunal. (2001) Religious Process: The Purāṇas and the Making of a Regional Tradition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. (1970 [1926]) The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. 2 vols. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Chittick, William C. (1999) Travelling the Sufi Path: A Chishtī Handbook from Bijapur. In Lewisohn, Leonard, and Morgan, David (eds.). The Heritage of Sufism (Volume III): Late Classical Persianate Sufism (1501–1750). Oxford: One World Publications, 247–65.
Das, Rahul Peter (1992) Problematic Aspects of the Sexual Rituals of the Bauls of Bengal. Journal of the American Oriental Society 112 (3), 388–432.
Dasgupta, Shashibhushan. (1969 [1946]) Obscure Religions Cults. 3rd ed. Reprint 1995. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Limited.
Dimock, Edward C. Jr. (1974) Muslim Vaisnava Poets of Bengal. In Dimock, Edward C. Jr. (ed.). Studies in Bengali Literature, History and Society. New York: Learning Resources in Bengali Studies, 1–12.
Dimock, Edward C. Jr. (1999) Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja: A Translation and Commentary by Edward C. Dimock, Jr. With an Introduction by Edward C. Dimock and Tony K. Stewart. Edited by Tony K. Stewart. Harvard Oriental Series, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dimock, Edward C., Jr. and Jahan, Roushan. (2006 [1963]) Bengali Vaiṣṇava Lyrics: A Reader for Advanced Students. Chicago, IL: South Asian Languages Research Program, University of Chicago.
Haq, Muhammad Enamul. (1991/1398 B.S. [1957]) Muslim Bāṃlā sāhitya [Bāṃlā Sāhitye Muslim avadānera saṃkṣipta itihāsa]. In Musa, Monsur (ed.). Muhammad Enāmul Hak racanāvalī, vol. 1. Dhaka: Bangla Academy (first published by Pakistan Publications), 197–437.
Hatley, Shaman. (2007) Mapping the Esoteric Body in the Islamic Yoga of Bengal. History of Religions. 46 (4), 351–68.
Hilali, Shaikh Ghulam Maqsud. Haq, Enamul (ed.). 1967. Perso-Arabic Elements in Bengali (Bāṇlāya Phārasī-Ārabī Upādāna). Dhaka: Bangla Academy.
Irani, Ayesha A. (2011) Sacred Biography, Translation, and Conversion: The Nabīvaṃśa of Saiyad Sultān and the Making of Bengali Islam, 1600-Present. Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2011.
Irani, Ayesha A. (2016) The Prophetic Principle of Light and Love: Nūr Muhammad in Early Modern Bengali Literature. History of Religions. 55 (4), 391–428. Special issue edited by Wendy Doniger, “Muslim-Hindu Literary Encounters in Early Modern India: Conversations with Aditya Behl.
Irani, Ayesha A. (2018) Love's New Pavilions: Śāhā Muhammad Chagīr's Retelling of Jāmī's Yūsuf va Zulaykhā in Early Modern Bengal. In d'Hubert, Thibaut, and Papas, Alexandre (eds.). A Worldwide Literature: Jāmī (1414–1492) in the Dār al-Islām and Beyond, Two Volumes. Brill: Leiden, 696–755.
Irani, Ayesha A. (Forthcoming a) The Muhammad Avatāra: Salvation History, Translation, and the Making of Bengali Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.
Irani, Ayesha A. (Forthcoming b) One Saint, Two Tombs: Memory, Materiality, and Regional Authority in the Pīr-Cults of Bangladesh. Special Issue of Journal of Hindu Studies, edited by Brian Hatcher, Abhishek Amar, and Mark McLaughlin. Under review.
Kāium, Mohāmmad Ābdul, and Sultānā, Rājiyā. (2007/1414 B.S.) Prācīna o madhyayugera Bāṃlā bhāṣāra abhidhāna. 2 vols. Dhaka: Bangla Academy.
Kaviraj, Sudipta. (2003) The Two Histories of Literary Culture in Bengal. In Pollock, Sheldon (ed.). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 503–66.
Klaiman, M. H. (1984) Introduction. In Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna. The Śrīkṛṣṇakīrtana translated and annotated by M. H. Klaiman. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1–22.
Mendies, John. (1877) Companion to Johnson's Dictionary, Bengali and English. Peculiarly calculated for the use of European and Native students. Third edition. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
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Okita, Kiyokazu. (2019) Singing in Protest: Early Modern Hindu-Muslim Encounters in Bengali Hagiographies of Chaitanya. In Hawley, John Stratton, Sharma, Svapna, and Novetzke, Christian Lee (eds.). Bhakti and Power: Debating India's Religion of the Heart. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 159–170.
Openshaw, Jeanne. (2002) Seeking Bāuls of Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Openshaw, Jeanne. (2017) Introduction. In Cantú, Keith E. and Zakaria, Saymon (eds.). City of Mirrors: Songs of Lālan Sāi. Text, Translation, and Commentary by Carol Salomon. New York: Oxford University Press, xvii-xxvi.
Orsini, Francesca. (2014a) Inflected Kathas: Sufis and Krishna Bhaktas in Awadh. In Dalmia, Vasudha and Faruqui, Munis D. (eds.). Religious Interaction in Mughal India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 195–232.
Orsini, Francesca. (2014b) ‘Krishna is the Truth of Man’: Mir ‘Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's Haqā‘iq-i Hindī (Indian Truths) and the Circulation of Dhrupad and Bishnupad. In Busch, Allison and de Bruijn, Thomas (eds.). Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India. Leiden: Brill, 222–46.
Salomon, Carol, Cantú, Keith E. and Zakaria, Saymon (eds.). (2017) City of Mirrors: Songs of Lālan Sāi. Text, translation, and commentary by Carol Salomon. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sen, Dinesh Chandra. (2007 [1909]) History of Bengali Language and Literature. 2 vols. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.
Sen, Sukumar. (1935) A History of Brajabuli Literature: Being a Study of the Vaiṣṇava Lyric Poetry and Poets of Bengal. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
Sen, Sukumar. (1971) An Etymological Dictionary of Bengali: c. 1000–1800 A.D. Calcutta: Eastern Publishers.
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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Bad' al-khalq wa-qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā' of al-Kisā'ī. Edited by al-T. B. Sālma. Bad' al-khalq wa-qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā' li-l-Kisā'ī. Tūnis: Dār Nuqūsh 'Arabiyya, 1998.

[2] Caitanyamaṅgala of Jayānanda. Edited by Bimān Bihārī Majumdāra and Sukhamaya Mukhopādhyāya. Jayānananda viracita Caitanyamaṅgala. Kalkātā: The Asiatic Society, 2006 [1971].

[3] The Commentary on the Yogatattvopaniṣat. Adyar: Adyar Library and Research Centre, 1920.

[4] Gorakṣayogaśāstra. “Das Gorakṣayogaśāstra: Diplomatische und kritische Edition mit annotierter Übersetzung.” M.A. Thesis of Nils Jacob Liersch, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 2017.

[5] Jogpradīpikā of Jayatarāma. Edited by Swami Maheshanand, et al. Lonavla: Kaivalyadhama SMYM Samiti, 2006.

[6] Srītattvacintāmaṇi of Pūrṇānanda. Edited by Bhuvanmohan Sankhyatiirtha and Chintamani Bhattacharya, with an Introduction by Prabhodhchandra Bagchi. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1994 [1936].

[7] Nabīvaṃśa of Saiyad Sultān. Edited by Ahmad Sharif. Saiyad Sultān viracita Nabīvaṃśa. 2 vols. Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 1978.

[8] Padāvalī attributed to Caṇḍīdāsa. Caṇḍīdāsera padāvalī. Edited by Bimanbehari Majumdar. Reprint. Calcutta: Baṅgīya Sāhitya Pariṣat [1960/1367 B.S.] 1996/1403 B.Ś.

[9] Padāvalī attributed to Saiyad Sultān. Edited by Ahmad Sharif. Saiyad Sultān viracita Nabīvaṃśa. Vol. 2: 667–79. Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 1978.

[10] Padāvalī of Muslim poets. “Muslim kavira pada-sāhitya.” Edited by Ahmad Sharif. Sāhitya Patrikā 4 (1) 1961/1367 B.S.: 1–195.

[11] Padāvalī on Vaiṣṇava themes attributed to various Muslim authors. Edited by Yatīndra Mohan Bhaṭṭācārya. Bāṅgālāra Vaiṣṇavabhāvāpanna Musalmān kavira padamañjuṣā. Calcutta: Kalikātā Viśvavidyālaya, 1984.

[12] Premavilāsa of Nityānanda Dāsa. Kalikātā: Yashodālāla Tālukadāra, [1917–18] 1324 B.S.

[13] Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā‘ (Dāstānhā-i payāmbarān) of Abū Isḥaq Ibrāhīm bin Manṣūr bin Khalaf al-Nīshābūrī. Edited by Ahsān Yaghmāyī. Qiṣas al-anbiyā‘ (Dāstānhā-i payāmbarān). Tihrān: Kitābkhānah-i Millī-i Īrān, 2003/1382 (Iranian solar).

[14] Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā' of Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh al-Kisā'ī. Vita prophetarum. 2 vols. Edited by Isaac Eisenberg. Lugduni-Batavorum, E. J. Brill, 1922–3.

[15] Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā' of Muḥammad Juwayrī. 4th ed. Tihrān, n.d.

[16] Siddhasiddhāntapaddhati. Edited by M. L. Gharote and G. K. Pai. Lonavla: Lonavla Yoga Institute, 2005.

[17] Śrīkr̥ṣṇavijaya of Mālādhara Basu. 1944. Edited by Khagendranātha Mitra. Kalikātā: Kalikātā Viśvavidyālaya.

[18] Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Translated by Edwin Bryant. Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God, Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X with Chapters 1, 6 and 29–31 from Book XI. London: Penguin Books, 2003.

[19] Vivekamārtāṇḍa of Viśvarūpadeva. Edited by K. Sāmbaśiva Śāstrī. Trivandrum Sanskrit Series No. CXIX, Śrīcitrodayamañjarī No. 8. Trivandrum: Government Press, 1935.

[20] Alam, Muzaffar. (1996) Assimilation from a Distance: Confrontation and Sufi Accommodation in Awadh Society. In Champakalakshmi, R. and Gopal, S. (eds.). Tradition, Dissent and Ideology: Essays in Honour of Romila Thapar. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 164–191.

[21] Bhaṭṭācārya, Yatīndra Mohan. (1962) Bāṅgālāra Vaiṣṇava-bhāvāpanna Musalmān kavi. Calcutta: Kalikātā Viśvavidyālaya.

[22] Bhaumika, Kalpanā. (2007 [1992]) Pāṇḍulipi Paṭhana Sahāyikā. Dhaka: Māolā Brādārs.

[23] Bryant, Edwin. (2003) Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God, Śrīmad Bhāgavata Purāṇa, Book X with Chapters 1, 6 and 29–31 from Book XI. London: Penguin Books.

[24] Chakrabarti, Kunal. (2001) Religious Process: The Purāṇas and the Making of a Regional Tradition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

[25] Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. (1970 [1926]) The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. 2 vols. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

[26] Chittick, William C. (1999) Travelling the Sufi Path: A Chishtī Handbook from Bijapur. In Lewisohn, Leonard, and Morgan, David (eds.). The Heritage of Sufism (Volume III): Late Classical Persianate Sufism (1501–1750). Oxford: One World Publications, 247–65.

[27] Das, Rahul Peter (1992) Problematic Aspects of the Sexual Rituals of the Bauls of Bengal. Journal of the American Oriental Society 112 (3), 388–432.

[28] Dasgupta, Shashibhushan. (1969 [1946]) Obscure Religions Cults. 3rd ed. Reprint 1995. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Limited.

[29] Dimock, Edward C. Jr. (1974) Muslim Vaisnava Poets of Bengal. In Dimock, Edward C. Jr. (ed.). Studies in Bengali Literature, History and Society. New York: Learning Resources in Bengali Studies, 1–12.

[30] Dimock, Edward C. Jr. (1999) Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja: A Translation and Commentary by Edward C. Dimock, Jr. With an Introduction by Edward C. Dimock and Tony K. Stewart. Edited by Tony K. Stewart. Harvard Oriental Series, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[31] Dimock, Edward C., Jr. and Jahan, Roushan. (2006 [1963]) Bengali Vaiṣṇava Lyrics: A Reader for Advanced Students. Chicago, IL: South Asian Languages Research Program, University of Chicago.

[32] Haq, Muhammad Enamul. (1991/1398 B.S. [1957]) Muslim Bāṃlā sāhitya [Bāṃlā Sāhitye Muslim avadānera saṃkṣipta itihāsa]. In Musa, Monsur (ed.). Muhammad Enāmul Hak racanāvalī, vol. 1. Dhaka: Bangla Academy (first published by Pakistan Publications), 197–437.

[33] Hatley, Shaman. (2007) Mapping the Esoteric Body in the Islamic Yoga of Bengal. History of Religions. 46 (4), 351–68.

[34] Hilali, Shaikh Ghulam Maqsud. Haq, Enamul (ed.). 1967. Perso-Arabic Elements in Bengali (Bāṇlāya Phārasī-Ārabī Upādāna). Dhaka: Bangla Academy.

[35] Irani, Ayesha A. (2011) Sacred Biography, Translation, and Conversion: The Nabīvaṃśa of Saiyad Sultān and the Making of Bengali Islam, 1600-Present. Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2011.

[36] Irani, Ayesha A. (2016) The Prophetic Principle of Light and Love: Nūr Muhammad in Early Modern Bengali Literature. History of Religions. 55 (4), 391–428. Special issue edited by Wendy Doniger, “Muslim-Hindu Literary Encounters in Early Modern India: Conversations with Aditya Behl.

[37] Irani, Ayesha A. (2018) Love's New Pavilions: Śāhā Muhammad Chagīr's Retelling of Jāmī's Yūsuf va Zulaykhā in Early Modern Bengal. In d'Hubert, Thibaut, and Papas, Alexandre (eds.). A Worldwide Literature: Jāmī (1414–1492) in the Dār al-Islām and Beyond, Two Volumes. Brill: Leiden, 696–755.

[38] Irani, Ayesha A. (Forthcoming a) The Muhammad Avatāra: Salvation History, Translation, and the Making of Bengali Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.

[39] Irani, Ayesha A. (Forthcoming b) One Saint, Two Tombs: Memory, Materiality, and Regional Authority in the Pīr-Cults of Bangladesh. Special Issue of Journal of Hindu Studies, edited by Brian Hatcher, Abhishek Amar, and Mark McLaughlin. Under review.

[40] Kāium, Mohāmmad Ābdul, and Sultānā, Rājiyā. (2007/1414 B.S.) Prācīna o madhyayugera Bāṃlā bhāṣāra abhidhāna. 2 vols. Dhaka: Bangla Academy.

[41] Kaviraj, Sudipta. (2003) The Two Histories of Literary Culture in Bengal. In Pollock, Sheldon (ed.). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 503–66.

[42] Klaiman, M. H. (1984) Introduction. In Singing the Glory of Lord Krishna. The Śrīkṛṣṇakīrtana translated and annotated by M. H. Klaiman. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1–22.

[43] Mendies, John. (1877) Companion to Johnson's Dictionary, Bengali and English. Peculiarly calculated for the use of European and Native students. Third edition. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.

[44] Mojaddedi, Jawid (2004) The Masnavi: Book One. A new translation. New York: Oxford University Press.

[45] Mukhopādhyāya, Harekṛṣṇa. (1380 B.S./1974) Padāvalī-Paricaya. Kalikātā: De's Publishing.

[46] Murphy, Tim (2014) Representing Religion: Essays in History, Theory, and Crisis. New York: Routledge.

[47] Okita, Kiyokazu. (2019) Singing in Protest: Early Modern Hindu-Muslim Encounters in Bengali Hagiographies of Chaitanya. In Hawley, John Stratton, Sharma, Svapna, and Novetzke, Christian Lee (eds.). Bhakti and Power: Debating India's Religion of the Heart. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 159–170.

[48] Openshaw, Jeanne. (2002) Seeking Bāuls of Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[49] Openshaw, Jeanne. (2017) Introduction. In Cantú, Keith E. and Zakaria, Saymon (eds.). City of Mirrors: Songs of Lālan Sāi. Text, Translation, and Commentary by Carol Salomon. New York: Oxford University Press, xvii-xxvi.

[50] Orsini, Francesca. (2014a) Inflected Kathas: Sufis and Krishna Bhaktas in Awadh. In Dalmia, Vasudha and Faruqui, Munis D. (eds.). Religious Interaction in Mughal India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 195–232.

[51] Orsini, Francesca. (2014b) ‘Krishna is the Truth of Man’: Mir ‘Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's Haqā‘iq-i Hindī (Indian Truths) and the Circulation of Dhrupad and Bishnupad. In Busch, Allison and de Bruijn, Thomas (eds.). Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India. Leiden: Brill, 222–46.

[52] Salomon, Carol, Cantú, Keith E. and Zakaria, Saymon (eds.). (2017) City of Mirrors: Songs of Lālan Sāi. Text, translation, and commentary by Carol Salomon. New York: Oxford University Press.

[53] Sen, Dinesh Chandra. (2007 [1909]) History of Bengali Language and Literature. 2 vols. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.

[54] Sen, Sukumar. (1935) A History of Brajabuli Literature: Being a Study of the Vaiṣṇava Lyric Poetry and Poets of Bengal. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.

[55] Sen, Sukumar. (1971) An Etymological Dictionary of Bengali: c. 1000–1800 A.D. Calcutta: Eastern Publishers.

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