“Is There Toleration in Islam?” Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context

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“Is There Toleration in Islam?” Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context

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Author(s): Mohammad Mahdi Mojahedi

Publication date (Print): Autumn 2016

Journal: ReOrient

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: tolerance, toleration, pluralist toleration, monist toleration, hegemony, critical rationalism, monism, pluralism, post-secularism, secularisation thesis, secularisation theory, post-Islamism, Iran, culturalism, Abdulkarim Soroush

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Mohammad Mahdi Mojahedi

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Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): reorient

Title: ReOrient

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 20555601

ISSN (Electronic): 2055561X

Publication date (Print): Autumn 2016

Volume: 2

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Pages: 51-72

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Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch (SRBIAU), Tehran.

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DOI: 10.13169/reorient.2.1.0051

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References

Abou El Fadl, K., Cohen, J. and Lague, I. (2002) The Place of Tolerance in Islam . Boston: Beacon Press.
Abu-Zaid, N. (2004) Rethinking the Quran . Amsterdam: Humanistics University Press.
Appadurai, A. (2006) Fear of Small Numbers: Essays on the Geography of Anger . Durham and London: Duke University Press Books.
Appadurai, A. (2013). The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition . London and New York: Verso.
Armstrong, K. (2014) Fields of Blood . Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf.
Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bayat, A. (1996) The coming of a post-Islamist society. Critique: Critical Middle East Studies . 5 (9), 43–52.
Bayat, A. (2005) Islamism and social movement theory. Third World Quarterly . 26 (6), 891–908.
Bayat, A. (2007) Islam and Democracy: What Is the Real Question? Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Bayat, A. (2013) Post-Islamism: The Changing Face of Political Islam . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berger, P. L. (1999) The de-secularization of the world: A global overview. In Berger, P. (ed.) The De-Secularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics . 1st ed. Grand Rapids: Ethics and Public Policy Center and Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1–17.
Berlin, I. and Williams, B. (1994) Pluralism and liberalism: A reply. Political Studies . 42 (2), 306–309.
Boroujerdi, M. (1996) Iranian Intellectuals and the West . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2004) Science of Science and Reflexivity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brown, W. (2006) Regulating Aversion . 1st ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Casanova, J. (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cavanaugh, W. (2009) The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crehan, K. (2002). Gramsci, Culture and Anthropology . London: Pluto Press.
Dabashi, H. (2012) The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism . London: Zed Books.
Eisenstadt, S. N. (2000) Multiple modernities. Daedalus . 129 (1), 1–29.
Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. (2008). Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran . London: I.B. Tauris.
Ghiasi, M. (2015) Seventy-Two Nations' War/Jang-e Haftad-o Do Mellat | Marzieh Ghiasi. Ghiasi.org . Available at http://ghiasi.org/2015/03/seventy-two-nations-warjang-e-haftad-o-do-mellat/ (accessed 1 April 2016).
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Gray, J. (1996) Isaiah Berlin . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Harris, S. (2004) The End of Faith . New York: W.W. Norton.
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Hitchens, C. (2007) God Is Not Great . London: Atlantic Books.
Hunter, S. (2009) Reformist Voices of Islam . Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Huntington, S. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order . New York: Simon & Schuster.
Ismail, S. (2004) The politics of historical revisionism: New re-readings of the early Islamic period. In Browers, M. and Kurzman, C. (ed.) An Islamic Reformation? 1st ed. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Lexington Books, 101–24.
Ismail, S. (2011) Being Muslim: Islam, Islamism, and identity politics. In Volpi, F. (ed.) Political Islam: A Critical Reader . 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 16–28.
Jahanbakhsh, F. (2001) Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953–2000: From Bāzargān to Soroush . Leiden: Brill.
Johnson, R. (2007) Post-hegemony? I don't think so. Theory, Culture & Society . 24 (3), 95–110. doi:10.1177/0263276407075958.
Kamrava, M. (2008) Iran's Intellectual Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kepel, G. (2002) Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam . London: I.B. Tauris.
Khosrokhavar, F. (2004) The Islamic revolution in Iran: Retrospect after a quarter century. Thesis Eleven . 76 (1), 70–84.
Kurzman, C. (1998) Liberal Islam . New York: Oxford University Press.
Kurzman, C., (ed.) (2002) Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: A Sourcebook . 1st ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, B. (1990) The roots of Muslim rage. Atlantic , September, 47–60.
Mamdani, M. (2002) Good Muslim, bad Muslim: A political perspective on culture and terrorism. American Anthropologist . 104 (3), 766–75.
May, S., Wilson, E., Baumgart-Ochse, C. and Sheikh, F. (2014) The religious as political and the political as religious: Globalisation, post-secularism and the shifting boundaries of the sacred. Politics, Religion & Ideology . 15 (3), 331–46.
Merari, A. (2010). Driven to Death . 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mirsepassi, A. (2011) Democracy in Modern Iran . New York: New York University Press.
Mojahedi, M. (2010) kathrat-garayi-e na-goshude: derangi enteqadi dar andishe-ye siasi-ye abdolkarime soroush [A futile pluralism: A critical reflection on A. Soroush's political thought]. Roozonline.com . Available at http://www.soroushmilad.com/%DA%A9%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%-DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Mojahedi, M. M. (2007) Human rights and Muslim forms of life: A pluralist approach with special emphasis on Iran. In Goldewijk, B. (ed.) Religion, International Relations and Development Cooperation . Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 187–216.
Murphy, A. (1997) Tolerance, toleration, and the liberal tradition. Polity . 29 (4), 593–623.
Parekh, B. (1996) Moral philosophy and its anti-pluralist bias. In Archard, D. (ed.) Philosophy and Pluralism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 117–34.
Popper, K. (1961) On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance . London: Oxford University Press.
Popper, K. (1994) Toleration and intellectual responsibility. In Popper, K. (ed.) In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays from Thirty Years . 1st ed. London and New York: Routledge, 188–203.
Popper, K. and Notturno, M. (1994) The Myth of the Framework . London: Routledge.
Rabasa, A. (2007) Building Moderate Muslim Networks . Santa Monica: RAND.
Reich, W. (1998) Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry. In W. Reich (ed.) Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 261–79.
Roy, O. (1999) Le post-Islamisme. Revue du Monde Musulmans et de la Méditerranée , no. 85–86, 11–30.
Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din (1925) The Mathnawi of Jalaluddin Rumi: Edited from the Oldest Manuscripts Available with Critical Notes, Translation and Commentary . Nicholson, R. A. (ed., trans., annotator, and commentator). Six Vols. Cambridge: Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.
Safi, O. (2003) Progressive Muslims . Oxford: Oneworld.
Schulze, R. (1998) The ethnization of Islamic cultures in the late 20th century or from political Islam to post-Islamism. In Stauth, George (ed.) Islam: Motor or Challenge of Modernity. Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam . No. 1, 187–98. Berlin-Münster-Wien-Zürich-London: LIT Verlag.
Soroush, A. (1994) qabz va baste teorike shariat [The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of Sharia: The Theory of Evolution of Religious Knowledge] . Persian. 3rd ed. Tehran: Serat.
Soroush, A. (1999) pluralism-e dini [religious pluralism]. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://drsoroush.com/fa/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/ (accessed 12 May 2012).
Soroush, A. (2013a) Mohammad ravi-e royahay-e rasulane [Muhammad the narrator of the prophetic dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/71738/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. (2013b) khab-e ahmad khab-e jomle anbiast [Muhammad's dream is the all prophet's dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. (2013c) meqraz-e tiz-e tanaqoz [the sharp scissors of contradiction]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. (2013d) intefa'e shari'at and emtena'e resalat [the cancellation of sharia and the impossibility of sharia]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/80689/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. and Bazargan, A. (2016a) Pargar: Quran, Muhammad's Dreams? (1) . YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBSXNMc3q_Y&;feature=youtu.be (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. and Bazargan, A. (2016b) Pargar: Quran, Muhammad's Dreams? (2) . YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJZupxATAb8 (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. and Hoebink, M. (2007) The word of Mohammad. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-The%20Word%20of%20Mohammad.html (accessed 12 May 2016).
Taji-Farouki, S., (ed.) (2004) Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur'an . London: Oxford University Press.
Vinod, M. and Deshpande, M. (2013) Contemporary Political Theory . Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.
Wenman, M. (2003) “Agonistic pluralism” and three archetypal forms of politics. Contemporary Political Theory . 2 (2), 165–86.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Abou El Fadl, K., Cohen, J. and Lague, I. (2002) The Place of Tolerance in Islam . Boston: Beacon Press.

[2] Abu-Zaid, N. (2004) Rethinking the Quran . Amsterdam: Humanistics University Press.

[3] Appadurai, A. (2006) Fear of Small Numbers: Essays on the Geography of Anger . Durham and London: Duke University Press Books.

[4] Appadurai, A. (2013). The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition . London and New York: Verso.

[5] Armstrong, K. (2014) Fields of Blood . Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf.

[6] Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular . Stanford: Stanford University Press.

[7] Bayat, A. (1996) The coming of a post-Islamist society. Critique: Critical Middle East Studies . 5 (9), 43–52.

[8] Bayat, A. (2005) Islamism and social movement theory. Third World Quarterly . 26 (6), 891–908.

[9] Bayat, A. (2007) Islam and Democracy: What Is the Real Question? Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

[10] Bayat, A. (2013) Post-Islamism: The Changing Face of Political Islam . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[11] Berger, P. L. (1999) The de-secularization of the world: A global overview. In Berger, P. (ed.) The De-Secularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics . 1st ed. Grand Rapids: Ethics and Public Policy Center and Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1–17.

[12] Berlin, I. and Williams, B. (1994) Pluralism and liberalism: A reply. Political Studies . 42 (2), 306–309.

[13] Boroujerdi, M. (1996) Iranian Intellectuals and the West . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

[14] Bourdieu, P. (2004) Science of Science and Reflexivity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[15] Brown, W. (2006) Regulating Aversion . 1st ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[16] Casanova, J. (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[17] Cavanaugh, W. (2009) The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[18] Crehan, K. (2002). Gramsci, Culture and Anthropology . London: Pluto Press.

[19] Dabashi, H. (2012) The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism . London: Zed Books.

[20] Eisenstadt, S. N. (2000) Multiple modernities. Daedalus . 129 (1), 1–29.

[21] Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. (2008). Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran . London: I.B. Tauris.

[22] Ghiasi, M. (2015) Seventy-Two Nations' War/Jang-e Haftad-o Do Mellat | Marzieh Ghiasi. Ghiasi.org . Available at http://ghiasi.org/2015/03/seventy-two-nations-warjang-e-haftad-o-do-mellat/ (accessed 1 April 2016).

[23] Gorski, P., Kim, D., Torpey, J. and VanAntwerpen, J. (2012) The post-secular in question. In Gorski, P., Kim, D., Torpey, J. and VanAntwerpen, J. (eds.) The Post-Secular in Question: Religion in Contemporary Society . 1st ed. New York and London: Social Science Research Council and New York University Press, 1–22.

[24] Gray, J. (1996) Isaiah Berlin . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[25] Harris, S. (2004) The End of Faith . New York: W.W. Norton.

[26] Hassan, R. (2009) Islamic modernist and reformist discourse in South Asia. In Hunter, S. (ed.) Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity . 1st ed. London and New York: M.E. Sharpe, 159–86.

[27] Hitchens, C. (2007) God Is Not Great . London: Atlantic Books.

[28] Hunter, S. (2009) Reformist Voices of Islam . Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.

[29] Huntington, S. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order . New York: Simon & Schuster.

[30] Ismail, S. (2004) The politics of historical revisionism: New re-readings of the early Islamic period. In Browers, M. and Kurzman, C. (ed.) An Islamic Reformation? 1st ed. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Lexington Books, 101–24.

[31] Ismail, S. (2011) Being Muslim: Islam, Islamism, and identity politics. In Volpi, F. (ed.) Political Islam: A Critical Reader . 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 16–28.

[32] Jahanbakhsh, F. (2001) Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953–2000: From Bāzargān to Soroush . Leiden: Brill.

[33] Johnson, R. (2007) Post-hegemony? I don't think so. Theory, Culture & Society . 24 (3), 95–110. doi:10.1177/0263276407075958.

[34] Kamrava, M. (2008) Iran's Intellectual Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[35] Kepel, G. (2002) Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam . London: I.B. Tauris.

[36] Khosrokhavar, F. (2004) The Islamic revolution in Iran: Retrospect after a quarter century. Thesis Eleven . 76 (1), 70–84.

[37] Kurzman, C. (1998) Liberal Islam . New York: Oxford University Press.

[38] Kurzman, C., (ed.) (2002) Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: A Sourcebook . 1st ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

[39] Lewis, B. (1990) The roots of Muslim rage. Atlantic , September, 47–60.

[40] Mamdani, M. (2002) Good Muslim, bad Muslim: A political perspective on culture and terrorism. American Anthropologist . 104 (3), 766–75.

[41] May, S., Wilson, E., Baumgart-Ochse, C. and Sheikh, F. (2014) The religious as political and the political as religious: Globalisation, post-secularism and the shifting boundaries of the sacred. Politics, Religion & Ideology . 15 (3), 331–46.

[42] Merari, A. (2010). Driven to Death . 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

[43] Mirsepassi, A. (2011) Democracy in Modern Iran . New York: New York University Press.

[44] Mojahedi, M. (2010) kathrat-garayi-e na-goshude: derangi enteqadi dar andishe-ye siasi-ye abdolkarime soroush [A futile pluralism: A critical reflection on A. Soroush's political thought]. Roozonline.com . Available at http://www.soroushmilad.com/%DA%A9%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%-DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[45] Mojahedi, M. M. (2007) Human rights and Muslim forms of life: A pluralist approach with special emphasis on Iran. In Goldewijk, B. (ed.) Religion, International Relations and Development Cooperation . Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 187–216.

[46] Murphy, A. (1997) Tolerance, toleration, and the liberal tradition. Polity . 29 (4), 593–623.

[47] Parekh, B. (1996) Moral philosophy and its anti-pluralist bias. In Archard, D. (ed.) Philosophy and Pluralism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 117–34.

[48] Popper, K. (1961) On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance . London: Oxford University Press.

[49] Popper, K. (1994) Toleration and intellectual responsibility. In Popper, K. (ed.) In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays from Thirty Years . 1st ed. London and New York: Routledge, 188–203.

[50] Popper, K. and Notturno, M. (1994) The Myth of the Framework . London: Routledge.

[51] Rabasa, A. (2007) Building Moderate Muslim Networks . Santa Monica: RAND.

[52] Reich, W. (1998) Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry. In W. Reich (ed.) Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 261–79.

[53] Roy, O. (1999) Le post-Islamisme. Revue du Monde Musulmans et de la Méditerranée , no. 85–86, 11–30.

[54] Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din (1925) The Mathnawi of Jalaluddin Rumi: Edited from the Oldest Manuscripts Available with Critical Notes, Translation and Commentary . Nicholson, R. A. (ed., trans., annotator, and commentator). Six Vols. Cambridge: Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.

[55] Safi, O. (2003) Progressive Muslims . Oxford: Oneworld.

[56] Schulze, R. (1998) The ethnization of Islamic cultures in the late 20th century or from political Islam to post-Islamism. In Stauth, George (ed.) Islam: Motor or Challenge of Modernity. Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam . No. 1, 187–98. Berlin-Münster-Wien-Zürich-London: LIT Verlag.

[57] Soroush, A. (1994) qabz va baste teorike shariat [The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of Sharia: The Theory of Evolution of Religious Knowledge] . Persian. 3rd ed. Tehran: Serat.

[58] Soroush, A. (1999) pluralism-e dini [religious pluralism]. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://drsoroush.com/fa/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/ (accessed 12 May 2012).

[59] Soroush, A. (2013a) Mohammad ravi-e royahay-e rasulane [Muhammad the narrator of the prophetic dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/71738/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[60] Soroush, A. (2013b) khab-e ahmad khab-e jomle anbiast [Muhammad's dream is the all prophet's dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[61] Soroush, A. (2013c) meqraz-e tiz-e tanaqoz [the sharp scissors of contradiction]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[62] Soroush, A. (2013d) intefa'e shari'at and emtena'e resalat [the cancellation of sharia and the impossibility of sharia]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/80689/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[63] Soroush, A. and Bazargan, A. (2016a) Pargar: Quran, Muhammad's Dreams? (1) . YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBSXNMc3q_Y&;feature=youtu.be (accessed 12 May 2016).

[64] Soroush, A. and Bazargan, A. (2016b) Pargar: Quran, Muhammad's Dreams? (2) . YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJZupxATAb8 (accessed 12 May 2016).

[65] Soroush, A. and Hoebink, M. (2007) The word of Mohammad. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-The%20Word%20of%20Mohammad.html (accessed 12 May 2016).

[66] Taji-Farouki, S., (ed.) (2004) Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur'an . London: Oxford University Press.

[67] Vinod, M. and Deshpande, M. (2013) Contemporary Political Theory . Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.

[68] Wenman, M. (2003) “Agonistic pluralism” and three archetypal forms of politics. Contemporary Political Theory . 2 (2), 165–86.

ReOrient

“Is There Toleration in Islam?” Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context

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