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Emerging Politics in Iran: Last Year of Rouhani's Term and the New Conservative Parliament
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Footnotes
Arwa Ibrahim, “All You Need to Know about Iran's Parliamentary Election,” Al Jazeera, February 21, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/iran–parliamentary–election–200220144241061.html.
Arash Azizi, “Factbox: The Outcome of Iran's 2020 Parliamentary Elections,” The IranSource Blog, February 26, 2020, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs2/iransource/factbox–the–outcome–of–irans–2020–parliamentary–elections/.
“Iran Elections: Record Low Voter Turnout but Hardliners Set for Win,” BBC News, February 23, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world–middle–east–51605942.
Andrew Brennan, “Iran Elections 2020: Everything You Need to Know about the Parliamentary Vote,” National, last modified February 21, 2020, https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iran–election–2020–everything–you–need–to–know–about–the–parliamentary–vote–1.980905.
“Conservatives Make Early Gains in Iran Parliamentary Election,” Al Jazeera, February 23, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/conservatives–early–gains–iran–parliamentary–election–200222103305599.html.
Ibid.
Azizi, “Factbox: The Outcome of Iran's 2020 Parliamentary Elections.”
Staff, “Khamenei Tells Iranians Voter Turnout a Religious Duty,” Al–Monitor, February 18, 2020, https://www.al–monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/02/iran–supreme–leader–khamenei–voter–turnout–elections.html.
Azizi, “Factbox: The Outcome of Iran's 2020 Parliamentary Elections.”
Kim Sengupta, “Iran Elections: Hardliners Win Every Seat in Tehran as They Sweep to Crushing Victory,” Independent, February 23, 2020, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle–east/iran–elections–hardliners–victory–tehran–revolutionary–guards–turnout–a9353811.html; and Farnaz Fassihi, “Iran's Stacked Election is Expected to Produce a Hard–Line Parliament,” New York Times, February 20, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/world/middleeast/iran–2020–elections.html.
“Iran's Political Future After 2020 Election,” The Iran Primer Blog, February 26, 2020, https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2020/feb/26/irans–political–future–after–2020–election.
Garrett Nada, “2020 Parliamentary Election Results,” The Iran Primer Blog, February 24, 2020, https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2020/feb/24/2020–parliamentary–election–results.
“Iran's Political Future After 2020 Election,” The Iran Primer Blog.
Parisa Hafezi, “UPDATE 1 – Iran's Enemies Tried to Use Coronavirus to Impact Vote—-Khamenei,” CNBC, February 23, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/23/reuters–america–update–1–irans–enemies–tried–to–use–coronavirus–to–impact–vote–khamenei.html.
“Iran Sees Lowest Turnout since 1979 amid Coronavirus Outbreak,” CBS News, February 25, 2020, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran–historically–low–election–turnout–shows–iranian–frustration–and–fear–over–coronavirus/.
“Iran's Political Future After 2020 Election,” The Iran Primer Blog.
Mehrzad Boroujerdi and Kourosh Rahimkhani, “Revolutionary Guards Soar in Parliament,” The Iran Primer, September 19, 2011, https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2011/sep/19/revolutionary–guards–soar–parliament.
“Iran's Parliamentary Elections a Vote on Rouhani's Economy,” Al–Monitor, February 20, 2020, https://www.al–monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/02/iran–parliament–elections–economy–tehran–mayor.html.
Sarbas Nazari, “Iran's Hard–Liners in Tug of War over Parliament Speakership,” Al–Monitor, May 1, 2020, https://www.al–monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/04/iran–hardliners–parliament–speakership–election–rouhani.html/.
CFR, “Iran's Revolutionary Guards” (New York: Council of Foreign Relations, 2019), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans–revolutionary–guards.
“Moderate Cleric Hassan Rouhani Wins Iran's Presidential Election,” Washington Post, June 15, 2013.
“Rouhani Wins Iran's Presidential Election,” Al Jazeera, June 16, 2013, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013615155229420816.html.
Ibid.
“Iran under Rouhani: Increasing Constraint,” Strategic Comments 23, no. 7 (2017): 6–7, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2017.1378016.
Mohammad Mostafavi—-Dehzooei, “Iran's Economy under Rouhani: Achievements and Obstacles,” The Iran Matters Blog, May 17, 2017, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/irans–economy–under–rouhani–achievements–and–obstacles.
Ibid.
“Six Charts that Show How Hard US Sanctions have Hit Iran,” BBC News, December 9, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world–middle–east–48119109.
Bijan Khajehpour, “Has Rouhani Achieved his Goals for Iranian Economy,” Al–Monitor, March 14, 2017, https://www.al–monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2017/03/iran–rouhani–first–term–economic–management–goals.html.
“Six Charts that Show How Hard US Sanctions have Hit Iran,” BBC News; and Mostafavi—-Dehzooei, “Iran's Economy under Rouhani: Achievements and Obstacles.”
Bijan Khajehpour, “Can Iran's President Turn Around its Economy,” Al–Monitor, April 2, 2020, https://www.al–monitor.com/pulse/ru/contents/articles/originals/2020/04/iran–rouhani–turn–around–economy–coronavirus–covid19.html.
“The Impact of Renewed Sanctions on Iran,” Strategic Comments 25, no.1 (2019): 87–9, https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2019.1586195.
Khajehpour, “Can Iran's President Turn Around its Economy.”
“روحانی: اجرای مدل قرنطینه چینی در ووهان، در ایران و هیچ کشور دیگری امکان پذیر نبود / دیروز در تمام استان ها روند شیوع کرونا نزولی بوده / اختصاص ۱۰ میلیارد دلار به کسب و کارهای زیان دیده از کرونا” [“Rouhani : It was not Possible to Implement the Chinese Quarantine Model in Wuhan, by Iran and Any Other Country,”] Entikhab.ir, April 1, 2020, https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/539545/.
““Iran under Rouhani: Increasing Constraint,” Strategic Comments.
“Iran under Rouhani: Increasing Constraint,” Strategic Comments.
“The Soleimani Killing's Regional Implications,” Strategic Comments 26, no. 2 (2020):1–3, https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2020.1744849.
Farnaz Fassihi and David Kirkpatrick, “Iran, United by Loss of General, Is Divided over Plane Crash,” New York Times, January 10, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/middleeast/iran–plane–crash–suleimani.html.
“Iran Launches its First Military Satellite,” Al Jazeera, April 22, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/iran–launches–military–satellite–200422062126491.html.
“Iran Promises ‘to Crush’ US Forces if Ships Attacked in Gulf,” Al Jazeera, April 23, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/iran–vows–crush–forces–ships–attacked–gulf–200423065439347.html.
Sajjad F. Dizaji and Mohammad R. Farzanegan, “Do Sanctions Constrain Military Spending of Iran?” Defence and Peace Economics (2019) https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1622059.
Ebad Ebadi, “Oil Price Drop Brings more Economic Challenges for Iran,” The IranSource Blog, May 18, 2020, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/oil–price–drop–brings–more–economic–challenges–for–iran/.
“Iran's Political Future After 2020 Election,” The Iran Primer Blog.
“The Impact of Renewed Sanctions on Iran,” Strategic Comments.
“US to End Sanctions Waivers on Iran Nuclear Sites: Sources,” Al Jazeera, May 28, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/sanctions–waivers–iran–nuclear–sites–sources–200527195717698.html.
“US Blacklists Chinese Firm over Business with Iran Airline,” Al Jazeera, May 19, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/blacklists–chinese–firm–business–iran–airline–200519181632285.html.
“Iran Says 230 Killed in November Protests after Petrol Price Hike,” Al Jazeera, June 1, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/iran–230–killed–november–protests–petrol–price–hike–200601144536121.html.
“The Impact of Renewed Sanctions on Iran,” Strategic Comments; and “Iran's Political Future After 2020 Election,” The Iran Primer Blog.
Ali Dadpay, “How the Coronavirus is Cementing Iran's Tilt towards China,” The IranSource Blog, May 7, 2020, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/how–the–coronavirus–is–cementing–irans–tilt–towards–china/.
“China's Russia, Saudi Crude Imports Stay High in March,” Argus, April 27, 2020, https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2099942–chinas–russia–saudi–crude–imports–stay–high–in–march.
“Iran: Trade Deal with EEU to Open New Horizons in October,” Financial Tribune, October 4, 2019, https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic–economy/100175/iran–trade–deal–with–eeu–to–open–new–horizons–in–october.
Ibid.
“Tehran to Host EEU Chief Soon,” Financial Tribune, November 24, 2019, https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic–economy/100897/tehran–to–host–eeu–chief–soon.
Ibid.
“Iran, Eurasian Economic Union Transactions Top $1.7 billion in 6 Months,” Financial Tribune, May 5, 2020, https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic–economy/103203/iran–eurasian–economic–union–transactions–top–17–billion–in–6.
Ministry of External Affairs, GoI, “India–Iran Joint Statement, ‘Civilizational Connect, Contemporary Context’ During the Visit of Prime Minister to Iran” (Government of India, 2016), accessed May 15, 2020, http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral–documents.htm?dtl/26843/India__Iran_Joint_Statement_quot_Civilisational_Connect _Contemporary_Contextquot_during_the_visit_of_Prime_Minister_to_Iran.
Ministry of External Affairs, GoI, Annual Report 2015–16 (Government of India, 2016), 13.
Hamed A. Kermani, “Like a Third Wheel, US Complicates India–Iran Relations,” Al–Monitor, January 7, 2020, https://www.al–monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/01/us–complicate–iran–india–relations.html; and Uma Purushothaman, “American shadow over India–Iran relations,” Strategic Analysis 36, no. 6 (2012): 899–910, https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2012.728867.
“Rouhani Urges Cooperation as Newly Elected Parliament Convenes,” Al Jazeera, May 27, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/rouhani–urges–cooperation–newly–elected–parliament–convenes–200527082137242.html.
Saeed Kamali Dehghan, “Iranian election results suggest rocky time for Ahmadinejad,” Guardian, March 3, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/03/iranian–election–results–ahmadinejad.
Sina Toossi, “Iran's Hardliners are Sitting Pretty,” Foreign Affairs, April 16, 2020, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020–04–16/irans–hard–liners–are–sitting–pretty.
For example, a January 2018 University of Maryland poll found that almost 65 percent of Iranians hold a ‘very favourable’ view of Soleimani, 28 percentage points higher than foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and 44 points higher than Rouhani. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this gap in popularity has since widened.
Ebadi, “Oil Price Drop Brings More Economic Challenges for Iran.”
“Iran's Economy and the New Parliament,” Tehran Times, June 14, 2020, https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/448870/Iran–s–economy–and–the–new–parliament.
Daahireeto Mohamud, “Iran as a Multipolar Anchor,” Katehon, May 8, 2018, https://katehon.com/article/iran–multipolar–anchor; and Leonid Savin, “Iran and Multpolarity,” Geopolitica.ru, August 23, 2018, https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/iran–and–multipolarity.
Alexi O'Brien, “Iran Oil Shipment: Venezuelan Military to Escort Fuel Tankers,” Al Jazeera, May 21, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/iran–oil–shipment–venezuelan–military–escort–fuel–tankers–200521092125192.html.
“Iran Triples Stockpiles of Enriched Uranium in Breach of Nuclear Deal,” Guardian, March 3, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/03/iran–triples–stockpile–of–enriched–uranium–in–breach–of–nuclear–deal.
Colum Lynch, “Despite U.S. Sanctions, Iran Expands its Nuclear Stockpile,” Foreign Policy, May 08, 2020, https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/08/iran–advances–nuclear–program–withdrawal–jcpoa/.
Lorne Cook, EU Rejects any US Attempt to Invoke Iran Nuclear Deal,” AP News, June 9, 2020, https://apnews.com/0d5322cb5bac724923576d9bcd9c62a1.
Lynch, “Despite U.S. Sanctions, Iran Expands its Nuclear Stockpile.”
Maysam Bizaer, “Iran Satellite Launch ‘Sends a Message’ On Failed US Pressure,” Al Jazeera, April 28, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/iran–satellite–launch–sends–message–failed–pressure–200428102657189.html.
Ibid.