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Impasse of Kashmir and Recurring Pretexts: A Historiographical Analysis
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Alastair Lamb, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948 (Hertingfordbury: Roxford Books, 1997), 159.
Basharat Peer, Curfewed Night: A Frontline Memoir of Life, Love and War in Kashmir (London: Harper Press, 2010), 217.
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Attention: Postcolonialism!” Journal of Caribbean Studies (1997): 159– 170 (166).
Front Line Club, “Kashmir–South Asia's Palestine,” Front Line Club, youtube, July 27, 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pY49WDtdYtc.
See for instance, Prem Shankar Jha, The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), and M.G. Chiktara, Kashmir Crisis (New Delhi: A P Publishing, 2003).
Fakhar–Un–Nisa Khokhar, “Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A by India”, News, September 7, 2019, https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/523121–abrogation–of–article–370–and–35a–by–india.
Ramachandra Guha, “Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Perservation: A Third World Critique,” Environmental Ethics 11, no. 1 (1989): 71–83, https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics198911123.
Ibid.
Deane Curtin, Environmental Ethics for a Postcolonial World (Nature's Meaning) (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005), 5.
Ibid, 13.
The term as Spivak proposed it in the 1980s has been used for the strategies that people of different groups, nationalities, and ethnicities may engage in to present themselves against pervasive global culture in spite of strong differences among themselves. Whereas, Spivak strongly objects to the contemporary use of the term in the meanings of essentialism only.
Spivak, “Attention: Postcolonialism!” 167.
See Alastair Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966 (London: Routledge, 1966); ————, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990 (Hertingfordbury: Roxford Books, 1991); —— ————, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948; William W. Baker, Kashmir: Happy Valley, Valley of Death (Las Vegas: Defenders Publications, 1994); Victoria Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003); and Sumantra Bose, Contested Lands: Israel–Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007). Bose is a Professor of International and Comparative Politics at the London School of Economics.
Spivak, “Attention: Postcolonialism!” 162.
Ibid., 163.
Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. Post–Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts (London: Routeledge 2000), 55. Navnita Chadha Behera, Demystifying Kashmir (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2006). Behera's book, may be cited as an example of exoticizing the native.
See for instance, Navnita Chadha Behera, “Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas: The Forgotten Frontiers,” in Demystifying Kashmir (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2006), 170–207.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 51.
Ibid., 26, 17–18.
Ibid., 38.
Recently released reports of the Office of the High Commissioner for the United Kingdom which were top secret till 2009: 2.
Former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Though this popularity can be contested on several grounds. See for instance, Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966; ——————, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990; and ——————, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948. Also see works of Korbel, Schofield, Bose, and Hakeem.
See also 12, Josef Korbel, “The Kashmir Dispute and the United Nations,” International Organization 3, no. 2 (1949):278–287.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 39.
Rakesh Ankit, The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66, Routledge Series in South Asian History (London: Routledge2016), 43.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 40.
Arundhati Roy, Capitalism: A Ghost Story (Chicago,: Haymarket Books 2014), 91.
Lamb, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948, 101, 104.
Ibid. 110.
Ibid. 111–112.
Ankit, The Kashmir Conflict: From Empire to the Cold War, 1945–66, 48.
Ibid.
Sumantra Bose, Contested Lands: Israel–Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka, 168.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 43; and Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, 24.
Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, 30.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 40.
Ibid. 41.
Claude Auchinleck, quoted in Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 41.
Ibid. 44–45.
Ibid. 3.
Ibid. 4–5.
Ibid. 9.
Ibid. 12.
Ibid. 16.
Curtin, Environmental Ethics for a Postcolonial World (Nature's Meaning), 34.
Lamb, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948, 95.
Ibid. 95–96.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 115. Alastair Lamb gives a background about The Rann of Kutch that separates Sind in Pakistan from Kutch State in India. The Rann, which means a ‘desolate place’ which got flooded in Monsoon season. Lamb writes that “During British rule there had been a number of disputes between Sind and Kutch State over the Rann, which appears to have had some slight economic value, mainly as a source of salt.”
Ibid. 117, 118,119.
Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966, 121, 123.
Suvir Kaul, Of Gardens and Graves: Kashmir, Poetry, Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017), 40.
Lamb, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948, 123.
See for instance Lamb, Crisis in Kashmir: 1947–1966; ——————, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990; ——————, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948; Baker, Kashmir: Happy Valley, Valley of Death; and Korbel, “The Kashmir Dispute and the United Nations.” Also see the written records of British Foreign Office, Indian independence partition sources, works of Sumantra Bose, and Victoria Schofield, among many others.
Lamb, Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute: 1947– 1948, 130–131.
Korbel, “The Kashmir Dispute and the United Nations.”
Gull Mohammad Wani, “Political Assertion of Kashmiri Identity,” in The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity, ed. Nyla Ali Khan (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012): 125–152 (126).
Baker, Kashmir: Happy Valley, Valley of Death, 138.
Ibid.
Chiktara, Kashmir Crisis, 148.
Ibid., 167.
Curtin, Environmental Ethics for a Postcolonial World (Nature's Meaning), 26.
Ibid., 88.
India Today Conclave, “Dr. Farooq Abdullah Speaks on Indian Democracy and Kashmir Issue,” Youtube, February 27, 2017,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frm1I0kD5gs.
Umer Beigh, “The Massacre That Widened the Communal Gap,” News Click, November 4, 2017, https://www.newsclick.in/massacre–widened–communal–gap.
Ibid.
Peer, Curfewed Night: A Frontline Memoir of Life, Love and War in Kashmir.
Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001), 92.
Peer, Curfewed Night: A Frontline Memoir of Life, Love and War in Kashmir,132.
Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, 107, 108, 109, 112.
Ibid., 186, 169–170.
Mirza Waheed's novels, The Collaborator (2011) and The Book of Gold Leaves (2014), Shahnaz Bashir's The Half Mother (2014) and Scattered Souls (2016), Nayeema Mahjoor's Lost in Terror (2016), and many other writings are further supplemented by works like, Kashmir: The Case for Freedom (2011) with a number of critical essays by eminent writers like, Pankaj Mishra, Tariq Ali, Hilal Bhatt, Angana P. ChatterJi, and Arundhati Roy.
See, among many other writers, Basharat Peer, A Question of Order: India, Turkey, and the Return of Strongmen (New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2017), 14.
Tariq Ali, “Not Crushed, Merely Ignored,” London Review of Books 32, no. 14 (2010), https://www.lrb.co.uk/the–paper/v32/n14/tariq–ali/not–crushed–merely–ignored; and Tariq Ali, “The Story of Kashmir,” in Kashmir: The Case for Freedom, Tariq Ali, Hilal Bhatt, Angana P. ChatterJi, Habbah Khatun, Pankaj Mishra and Arundhati Roy (London: Verso, 2011): 132–138 (133).
Bose, Contested Lands: Israel–Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka, 160–161.
For details of the legal pursuit of the human injustices being carried out by these paramilitary forces in Kashmir, see Shubh Mathur, The Human Toll of the Kashmir Conflict: Grief and Courage in a South Asian Borderland (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) in which she has recorded these abortive attempts and tried to record these gross human violations and injustices against humanity. It is not a surprise, that there is very little data available about these writers themselves on the internet, and that too without pictures mostly.