Development, But on Whose Terms?

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Journal of Global Faultlines

Volume 4, Issue 1

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Development, But on Whose Terms?

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Author(s): Rebecca Richards

Publication date (Print): January-May 2017

Journal: Journal of Global Faultlines

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: development, China, Africa, political change, democracy, liberal dominance

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Abstract

Sixty years of liberal development engagements with African states has had a significant impact upon socio-political relationships and expectations within the state. Societal expectations for the liberalization of economic-political space are evident within many African states, shaped through forms of normative intervention and liberal conditioning. However, with a rise of Chinese intervention in the African state, primarily through relationships centered on economic exchanges between China and African elites, the pressure for political change is being removed. This hegemonic shift not only changes who is influencing the African state, but also what is influencing as a normative shift is concurrently taking place. If societal expectations of liberalization are no longer supported by external pressures for change, what impact will this have on socio-political relationships within African states? This article questions the impact of a normative shift, or a potential normative shift, within development interactions and transactions, arguing that the removal of direct external liberal demands will raise socio-political tensions, and thus threaten stability, within African states engaged in Chinese development interactions.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Rebecca Richards

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): jglobfaul

Title: Journal of Global Faultlines

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 20542089

ISSN (Electronic): 23977825

Publication date (Print): January-May 2017

Volume: 4

Issue: 1

Pages: 7-21

Affiliations

Keele University, UK. E-mail: r.richards@ 123456keele.ac.uk .

Article

Publisher ID: jglobfaul.4.1.0007

DOI: 10.13169/jglobfaul.4.1.0007

SO-VID: 3dea2cf9-b1fa-4178-a7c1-388f79ae5dd3

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

References

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Baulch, B. (2004) “Aid Distribution and the MDGs.” World Development 34(6): 933–950.
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Berger, M. (2007) “States of Nature and the Nature of States: The Fate of Nations, the Collapse of States and the Future of the World.” Third World Quarterly 28(6): 1203–1214.
Carothers, T. (2004) Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion . Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
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Caspersen, N. & Stansfield, G. (eds.) (2011) Unrecognised States in the International System . London: Routledge.
Chan, S. (2009) “Ten Caveats and One Sunrise in Our Contemplation of China and Africa.” In C. Alden et al. (eds.) China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace . London: Hurst,: 339–348.
Chandler, D. (2010) International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance . London: Routledge.
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Comment on this article

[1] Alden, C. et al. (eds.) (2009) China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace . London: Hurst.

[2] Baulch, B. (2004) “Aid Distribution and the MDGs.” World Development 34(6): 933–950.

[3] BBC (2016) “Africa-China Exports Fall by 40% After China Slowdown.” 13 January. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35303981.

[4] Berger, M. (2007) “States of Nature and the Nature of States: The Fate of Nations, the Collapse of States and the Future of the World.” Third World Quarterly 28(6): 1203–1214.

[5] Carothers, T. (2004) Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion . Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

[6] Caspersen, N. (2012) Unreccognised States: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Modern International System . Cambridge: Polity.

[7] Caspersen, N. & Stansfield, G. (eds.) (2011) Unrecognised States in the International System . London: Routledge.

[8] Chan, S. (2009) “Ten Caveats and One Sunrise in Our Contemplation of China and Africa.” In C. Alden et al. (eds.) China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace . London: Hurst,: 339–348.

[9] Chandler, D. (2010) International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance . London: Routledge.

[10] Chapette, P. (2007) “Political Cartoon.” The International Herald Tribune . Available at www.politicalcartoons.com.

[11] Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2002) “China-Africa Relations.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Report, 25 April. Available at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18059.shtml.

[12] Cowen, M. P. & Shenton, R.W. (1996) Doctrines of Development . London: Routledge.

[13] Dollar, D. & Levin, V. (2006) “The Increasing Selectivity of Foreign Aid, 1984–2003.” World Development 34(12): 2034–2046.

[14] Duffield, M. (2001). Global Governance and the New Wars . London: Zed Books.

[15] The Economist (2011) “The Chinese in Africa: Trying to Pull Together.” 20 April. Available at http://www.economist.com/node/18586448.

[16] The Economist (2015) “China in Africa: One among Many.” 17 January. Available at https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21639554-china-has-become-big-africa-now-backlash-one-among-many.

[17] Eisenman, J. (2008) “China's Political Outreach to Africa.” In R. Rotberg (ed.) China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence . Washington: Brookings Institute Press, 230–249.

[18] Finnemore, M. (1996) National Interests in International Society . London: Cornell University Press.

[19] Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998) “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52(4): 887–917.

[20] Ghani, A. & Lockhart, C. (2008) Fixing Failed states: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[21] Harrison, G. (2004) The World Bank and Africa: The Construction of Governance States . London: Routledge.

[22] Hess, S. & Aidoo, R. (2015) Charting the Roots of Anti-Chinese Populism in Africa . Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

[23] Howell, J. (2006) “The Global War on Terror, Development and Civil Society.” Journal of International Development 18:121–135.

[24] Human Rights Watch (2002) “Bush Should Urge Democratic Reforms in Pakistan.” Press Release, 12 September. Available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/09/12/bush-should-urge-democratic-reforms-pakistan.

[25] Jackson, R. (1990) Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[26] Jeffreys, A. (2002) “Giving Voice to Silent Emergencies.” Humanitarian Exchange 20:2–4.

[27] Kingsbury, D., McKay, J., Hunt, J., McGillivray, M. & Clark, M. (2008) International Development: Issues and Challenges . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[28] Knowledge@Wharton (2016) “China's Investments in Africa: What's the Real Story?” Available at http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/chinas-investments-in-africa-whats-the-real-story/.

[29] Kölstø, P. (2006) “The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States.” Journal of Peace Research 43(6):723–740.

[30] Kölstø, P. & Blakkisrud, H. (2008) “Living with Non-Recognition: State- and Nation-Building in South Caucasian Quasi-States.” Europe-Asia Studies 60(3): 483–509.

[31] Le Pere, G. (ed.) (2007). China in Africa: Mercantilist Predator, or Partner in Development? Vorna Valley: Institute for Global Dialogue and Johannesburg: The South African Institute of International Affairs.

[32] Lemay-Hebert, N. (2009) “Statebuilding without Nation-Building? Legitimacy, State Failure and the Limits of the Institutionalist Approach.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 3(1):21–45.

[33] Milliken, J. (ed.) (2003). State Failure, Collapse and Reconstruction . Oxford: Blackwell.

[34] Padilla, A. & Tomlinson, B. (2006) “Shifting Trends: ODA, Global Security and the MDGs.” In The Reality of Aid 2006 . Available at http://www.ccic.ca/_files/en/what_we_do/002_aid_2006_roa_world_trends.pdf.

[35] Pegg, S. (1998) International Society and the De Facto State . Aldershot: Ashgate.

[36] Pegg, S. (2004) “From De Facto States to States-Within-States: Progress, Problems and Prospects.” In P. Kingston and I. Spears (eds.) States-Within-States: Incipient Political Entities in the Post-Cold War Era . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 35–46.

[37] Richards, R. (2012) “The Road Less Traveled: Self-Led Statebuilding and Non-Intervention in Somaliland.” In B. Bliesemann de Guevara (ed.) Statebuilding and State Formation: The Political Sociology of intervention . London: Routledge, pp. 149–164.

[38] Richards, R. (2014) Understanding Statebuilding: Traditional Governance and the Modern State in Somaliland . Oxford: Routledge.

[39] Richards, R. & Smith, R. (2015). “Playing in the Sandbox: Statebuilding in the Space of Non-Recognition.” Third World Quarterly 36(9): 1717–1735.

[40] Robinson, W. (1999) “Latin America in the Age of Inequality: Confronting the New Utopia.” International Studies Review 1(3): 41–67.

[41] Robinson, W. (2004) A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class and State in a Transnational World . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

[42] Rotberg, R. (2003). “Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators.” In R. Rotberg (ed.) State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror . Washington: Brookings Institute Press, 1–28.

[43] Rotberg, R. (2008). “China's Quest for Resources, Opportunities, and Influence in Africa.” In R. Rotberg (ed.) China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence . Washington: Brookings Institute Press, 1–20.

[44] Schlesinger, S. (2014). “Brazilian Cooperation and Investment in Africa: The case of ProSavana in Mozambique.” TEMTI Series of Economic Perspectives on Global Sustainability, EP 01-2014, TEMTI – CEESP / IUCN.

[45] Shinn, D. (2008) “Military and Security Relations: China, Africa, and the Rest of the World.” In R. Rotberg (ed.) China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence . Washington: Brookings Institute Press, 155–196.

[46] Shinn, D. (2015) “Turkey's Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Shifting Alliances and Strategic Diversification.” Chatham House Africa Programme Report. Available at https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/turkeys-engagement-sub-saharan-africa-shifting-alliances-and-strategic-diversification.

[47] United Nations (2002) “Report of the International Conference on Financing for Development (Monterrey Convention).” Conference on Financing for Development, Monterrey, Mexico, 18–22 March.

[48] Veltmeyer, H. (ed.) (2011) The Critical Development Studies Handbook: Tools for Change . London: Pluto Press.

[49] Williamson, J. (1994) “In Search of a Manual for Technopols.” In J. Williamson (ed.) The Political Economy of Policy Reform . Washington: Institute for International Economics, 9–28.

[50] Yannis, A. (2003) “State Collapse and Its Implications for Peace-Building and Reconstruction.” In J. Milliken (ed.) State Failure, Collapse and Reconstruction . Oxford: Blackwell, 63–80.

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