Racializing “Oriental” Manliness: From Colonial Contexts to Cologne

Zuher Jazmati, null; Nina Studer, null

doi:10.13169/islastudj.4.1.0087

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Islamophobia Studies Journal

Volume 4, Issue 1

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Racializing “Oriental” Manliness: From Colonial Contexts to Cologne

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Author(s): Zuher Jazmati , Nina Studer

Publication date (Print): Fall 2017

Journal: Islamophobia Studies Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: colonialism, media studies, gender, violence, critical masculinity

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Abstract

We propose a co-authored, interdisciplinary paper examining the durability of Islamophobic stereotypes connected to men from the MENA region and their specific forms of “manliness”. We argue that European notions of “Oriental” manliness — covering all ethnic and religious groups from this region — were strangely homogenized and static: the colonized “Oriental” manliness was constructed as the “primitive” counterpart to an idealized form of European masculinity. The significant markers of “Oriental” manliness, as defined in the 19th century, were still essentially the same in the 1960s, when Frantz Fanon wrote that his contemporaries had solidified (but not founded) the idea of North African men as “born slackers, born liars, born thieves, born criminals”. ¹ The events in Cologne on New Year's Eve 2015 went viral worldwide. Right-wing groups felt vindicated when the public discourse seemed to confirm their narrative of North African, sexually uncontrolled men. A lot of the media coverage following the events in Cologne overlapped with right-wing (and colonial) notions of wild North African men, who are in Europe in order to sexually threaten the white female body. Following the assaults in Cologne, this anxiety was not just limited to women in Germany, but extended across much of Europe. To analyze this alleged durability, we propose to divide our paper into a historical part, which will give a short overview over the formulaic metaphors, images and knowledge production of colonized “Oriental” manliness. In our contemporary analyses, we will trace the harmful longevity of these colonial stereotypes, from the Victorian epoch to the sensationalist reports following the recent incidents in Cologne. We will use pictures from German (and other European) public media depicting the incidents in Cologne and analyze how they reproduced the longstanding anti-Muslim-racist stereotypical image of and knowledge on the North African masculine subject.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Zuher Jazmati

Nina Studer

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): islastudj

Title: Islamophobia Studies Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 23258381

ISSN (Electronic): 2325839X

Publication date (Print): Fall 2017

Volume: 4

Issue: 1

Pages: 87-100

Affiliations

University of Marburg, Germany

University of Zurich, Geneva

Article

Publisher ID: islastudj.4.1.0087

DOI: 10.13169/islastudj.4.1.0087

SO-VID: 3da0c739-11ff-4f37-9da8-148bd6c94944

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

ScienceOpen disciplines: Social & Behavioral Sciences

Keywords: gender,critical masculinity,colonialism,media studies,violence

Bibliography

Aubin, Henri. “Indigènes Nord-Africains (Psychopathologie des).” In Manuel alphabétique de psychiatrie clinique et thérapeutique , edited by Antoine Porot, 292. Paris: Presses Univerisitaires de France, 1954.
Berthelier, Robert. “Fanon, psychiatre encore et toujours.” VST — Vie Sociale et Traitements , No 89 (2006): 76–84.
Bundeskriminalamt. Partnerschaftsgewalt . Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt, 2015.
Connell, Raewyn W. and James Messerschmidt. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender and Society 19, no. 6 (December 2005): 829–59.
Dorer, Johanna and Matthias Marschik. Medien und Migration. Repräsentationen und Rezeption des “Fremden” im europäischen Kontext . Medienimpulse, 2006.
Drüeke, Ricarda. “Die TV-Berichterstattung in ARD und ZDF über die Silvesternacht 2015/16 in Köln.” Berlin: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, 2016.
Fanon, Frantz. Les damnés de la terre . Paris: La Découverte & Syros, 2002.
Irwin, Dana Drew. “Revolutionary Histrionics: Violence and the Creation of Bourgeois Masculinity in Post-Napoleonic France, 1815–1848.” PhD diss., Emory University, 2013.
Kirchhoff, Susanne. Krieg mit Metaphern. Mediendiskurse über 9/11 und den “War on Terror.” Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2010.
Kocher, Adolphe. “De la criminalité chez les Arabes au point de vue de la pratique médico-judiciaires en Algérie.” Med. thesis, University of Lyon, 1883.
Krass, Gunther and Theo Van Leeuwen. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design . London: Psychology Press, 1996.
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien. La mentalité primitive . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1922.
Macey, David. “The Algerian with the Knife.” Parallax 4, no. 2 (1998): 159–67.
McCulloch, Jock. Black Peril, White Virtue. Sexual Crime in Southern Rhodesia, 1902–1935 . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Porot, Antoine and Don Côme Arrii. “L'impulsivité criminelle chez l'indigène algérien. Ses facteurs.” In Annales Médico-Psychologiques . 14th Series, Vol. 2, 90th Year, 588–611, 1932.
Sander, Lalon. “Titel der Schande. Die Tageszeitung.” January 9, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017. http://www.taz.de/!5267901/.
Van Leeuwen, Theo and Carey Jewitt. “Introduction.” In Handbook of Visual Analysis , edited by Theo Van Leeuwen and Carey Jewitt. London and Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2001.
Vann, Michael G. “Fear and Loathing in French Hanoi: Colonial White Images and Imaginings of ‘Native’ Violence.” In The French Colonial Mind: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism . Part 2, edited by Martin Thomas, 52–76. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
Wolf, Claudia M. Bildsprache und Medienbilder: Die Visuelle Darstellungslogik von Nachrichtenmagazinen . Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2006.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Aubin, Henri. “Indigènes Nord-Africains (Psychopathologie des).” In Manuel alphabétique de psychiatrie clinique et thérapeutique , edited by Antoine Porot, 292. Paris: Presses Univerisitaires de France, 1954.

[2] Berthelier, Robert. “Fanon, psychiatre encore et toujours.” VST — Vie Sociale et Traitements , No 89 (2006): 76–84.

[3] Bundeskriminalamt. Partnerschaftsgewalt . Wiesbaden: Bundeskriminalamt, 2015.

[4] Connell, Raewyn W. and James Messerschmidt. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender and Society 19, no. 6 (December 2005): 829–59.

[5] Dorer, Johanna and Matthias Marschik. Medien und Migration. Repräsentationen und Rezeption des “Fremden” im europäischen Kontext . Medienimpulse, 2006.

[6] Drüeke, Ricarda. “Die TV-Berichterstattung in ARD und ZDF über die Silvesternacht 2015/16 in Köln.” Berlin: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, 2016.

[7] Fanon, Frantz. Les damnés de la terre . Paris: La Découverte & Syros, 2002.

[8] Irwin, Dana Drew. “Revolutionary Histrionics: Violence and the Creation of Bourgeois Masculinity in Post-Napoleonic France, 1815–1848.” PhD diss., Emory University, 2013.

[9] Kirchhoff, Susanne. Krieg mit Metaphern. Mediendiskurse über 9/11 und den “War on Terror.” Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2010.

[10] Kocher, Adolphe. “De la criminalité chez les Arabes au point de vue de la pratique médico-judiciaires en Algérie.” Med. thesis, University of Lyon, 1883.

[11] Krass, Gunther and Theo Van Leeuwen. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design . London: Psychology Press, 1996.

[12] Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien. La mentalité primitive . Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1922.

[13] Macey, David. “The Algerian with the Knife.” Parallax 4, no. 2 (1998): 159–67.

[14] McCulloch, Jock. Black Peril, White Virtue. Sexual Crime in Southern Rhodesia, 1902–1935 . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.

[15] Porot, Antoine and Don Côme Arrii. “L'impulsivité criminelle chez l'indigène algérien. Ses facteurs.” In Annales Médico-Psychologiques . 14th Series, Vol. 2, 90th Year, 588–611, 1932.

[16] Sander, Lalon. “Titel der Schande. Die Tageszeitung.” January 9, 2016. Accessed March 1, 2017. http://www.taz.de/!5267901/.

[17] Van Leeuwen, Theo and Carey Jewitt. “Introduction.” In Handbook of Visual Analysis , edited by Theo Van Leeuwen and Carey Jewitt. London and Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2001.

[18] Vann, Michael G. “Fear and Loathing in French Hanoi: Colonial White Images and Imaginings of ‘Native’ Violence.” In The French Colonial Mind: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism . Part 2, edited by Martin Thomas, 52–76. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2012.

[19] Wolf, Claudia M. Bildsprache und Medienbilder: Die Visuelle Darstellungslogik von Nachrichtenmagazinen . Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2006.