Retraction: Understanding Islamophobia in Asia: The Cases of Myanmar and Malaysia

Mohamed Nawab Bin Mohamed Osman, null

doi:10.13169/islastudj.4.1.0017

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Islamophobia Studies Journal

Volume 4, Issue 1

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Retraction: Understanding Islamophobia in Asia: The Cases of Myanmar and Malaysia

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Author(s): Mohamed Nawab Bin Mohamed Osman

Publication date (Print): Fall 2017

Journal: Islamophobia Studies Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Malaysia, Islamization, Buddhist extremism, 969 Movement

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Abstract

In June 2013, Alvin Tan, a prominent Malaysian blogger, posted on Facebook a picture of his girlfriend and himself eating bak kut teh (pork) with the caption “Selamat Berbuka Puasa” (Happy Breaking Fast). The duo had described the dish as “wangi, enak, menyelerakan” (fragrant, delicious, appetizing) and also included a “Halal” logo. During the same month, Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar faced one of the community's worst persecution acts, with several hundred people murdered by Buddhist religious zealots inspired by extremist Buddhist monks. These are but some examples of Islamophobia in Asia. Buddhist nationalist groups such as the Bodu Bala Sena in Sri Lanka and the 969 Movement in Myanmar have encouraged the anti-Muslim violence. In India, the rise of the Hindu nationalist movement has seen the forced conversion of Muslims and increased incidences of violence against Muslims. Despite this endemic rise of Islamophobia, there has been little academic research conducted on Islamophobia in Asian countries. This is contrasted by the trends of Islamophobia as a phenomenon being well-documented in the West. The rise in terror attacks within Europe, the refugee crisis on the same continent, and the strengthening of the right-wing nationalist parties has resulted in the rise of Islamophobia in Europe and North America. This article seeks to better understand Islamophobia in the Asian context through the case studies of Myanmar and Malaysia. It argues that Islamophobia in these countries is largely the result of domestic socio-economic and political issues, rather than the international narrative against Islam and Muslims. There are three parts to this article: first, the discourse against Islam in both countries will be examined. Second, the factors that caused the rise of Islamophobia in both Myanmar and Malaysia will be looked at. Historical ethnic tensions, economic gaps between different communities, state-initiated religious persecution and the rise of right-wing religious organizations will be discussed in this regard. This section will postulate the view that Islamophobia can occur within countries such as Malaysia, especially when the minority groups are dominant in the economic sphere. The article will conclude by analyzing whether the manifestation and raison d'être of Islamophobia in Asia is different from the West. The outcome of the inquiry will provide useful analytical tools in studying Islamophobia within the Asian context.

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Mohamed Nawab Bin Mohamed Osman

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Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): islastudj

Title: Islamophobia Studies Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 23258381

ISSN (Electronic): 2325839X

Publication date (Print): Fall 2017

Volume: 4

Issue: 1

Pages: 17-36

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Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Article

Publisher ID: islastudj.4.1.0017

DOI: 10.13169/islastudj.4.1.0017

SO-VID: e0906e65-2cb9-43d3-a944-00a08dd9857d

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Social & Behavioral Sciences

Keywords: 969 Movement,Islamization,Malaysia,Buddhist extremism

References

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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] AFP News Agency. 2017. “Bangladesh Pushes on with Rohingya Island Plan.” Al-Jazeera , January 31. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/bangladesh-pushes-rohingya-island-plan-170131050223171.html.

[2] Agence France Press. 2013. “Religious ‘Radicals’ Driving Myanmar Unrest: Experts.” The Dailystar. Net , March 31. http://www.thedailystar.net/news/religious-radicals-driving-myanmar-unrest-experts.

[3] Ahmed, A. 2012. “The Rohingya: Myanmar's outcasts.” Al-Jazeera , January 30. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/201212710543198527.html.

[4] Ali, S. H. 2015. Ethnic Relations in Malaysia: Harmony and Conflict 2nd Edition . Selangor: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.

[5] Ali, W., E. Clifton, M. Duss, F. Lee, S. Keyes, and F. Shakir. 2011. Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America . Center for American Progress. August 26. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/religion/reports/2011/08/26/10165/fear-inc/.

[6] Al-Jazeera . 2016. “Refugees Quiz.” http://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2016/desperate-journeys-refugees/quiz/index.html.

[7] Barr, M. Dominic, and A. R. Govindasamy. 2008. “Hegemony without Conversion: Religious Nationalism in Modern Malaysia.” OCIS, Global Change, Peace and Security 1–34.

[8] Bayrakli, E., and F. Hafiz, eds. 2015. European Islamophobia Report 2015 . SETA: Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research. http://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/reports/2015/en/EIR_2015.pdf.

[9] Bazian, H. 2015. “Islamophobia and the Three Evils of Society.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 3 (1): 158–66.

[10] BBC News . 2013. “Burmese Leader Defends ‘Anti Muslim’ Monk Ashin Wirathu.” June 24. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23027492.

[11] BBC News . 2017. “Myanmar Says ‘No Evidence’ of Rohingya Genocide.” January 4. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38505228.

[12] Biver, E. 2014. Religious Nationalism: Myanmar and the Role of Buddhism in Anti-Muslim Narratives . Sweden: Lund University.

[13] Bjoernaas, T. I. 2015. “Saving Muslim Women: A Feminist-Postcolonial Critique of Veiling Legislation in Norway.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 3 (1): 78–89.

[14] Bravo López. 2011. “Towards a Definition of Islamophobia: Approximations of the Early Twentieth Century.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (4): 556–73.

[15] Brennan, E., and C. O'Hara. 2015. “The Rohingya and Islamic Extremism: A Convenient Myth.” Institute for Security and Development Policy, Policy Brief, 181. http://isdp.eu/publication/rohingya-islamic-extremism-convenient-myth-2/.

[16] Centre for International Development and Conflict Management. 2007. “Chronogoloy for Rohingya in Burma.” http://www.mar.umd.edu/chronology.asp?groupId=77501.

[17] Døving, C. A. 2015. “The Way They Treat Their Daughters and Wives: Racialisation of Muslims in Norway.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 3 (1): 62–77.

[18] Egreteau, R. 2011. “Burmese Indians in contemporary Burma: Heritage, Influence, and Perceptions since 1988.” Asian Ethnicity 12 (1): 33–54.

[19] Egreteau, R. 2013. “India's Vanishing ‘Burma Colonies.’ Repatriation, Urban Citizenship, and (De) Mobilization of Indian Returnees from Burma (Myanmar) since the 1960s.” Moussons. Recherche en sciences humaines sur l'Asie du Sud-Est 22:11–34.

[20] Ethirajan, A. 2015. “The Burmese Indians Who Never Went Home.” BBC News , September 4. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33973982.

[21] Ferrie, J., and M. Z. Oo. 2013. “Myanmar Buddhist Committee Bans Anti-Muslim Organizations.” Reuters , August 26. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-buddhism-idUSBRE98A0EP20130911.

[22] Free Malaysia Today . 2015. “DPM: Bumis Not Racists, Only Claiming Their Rights.” June 17. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/06/17/dpm-bumis-not-racists-only-claiming-their-rights/.

[23] Free Malaysia Today . 2016. “Halal, Non-Halal Trolley Segregation under Consideration.” January 19. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/01/19/halal-non-halal-trolley-segregation-under-consideration/.

[24] Furnivall, J. S. 1956. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Netherlands India . New York: New York University Press.

[25] Gerin, R. 2015. “Myanmar Authorities Step Up Collection of Temporary Identification Cards.” Radio Free Asia , April 6. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/authorities-step-up-collection-of-white-cards-04062015152750.html.

[26] Goh, M. 2017. “Concern in Malaysia Rohingya Could Fall Prey to IS Extremists.” Channel News Asia , January 30. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/concern-in-malaysia-rohingya-could-fall-prey-to-is-extremists/3477110.html.

[27] Gomez, E., and J. Saravanamuttu, eds. 2013. The New Economic Policy in Malaysia: Affirmative Action, Ethnic Inequalities and Social Justice . Singapore: NUS Press Singapore.

[28] Green, P., T. MacManus, and A. de la Cour Venning. 2015. Countdown to Annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar . London: International State Crime Initiative. http://statecrime.org/data/2015/10/ISCI-Rohingya-Report-PUBLISHED-VERSION.pdf.

[29] Green, T. H. 2015. The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West . Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers.

[30] Grosfoguel, Ramon. 2012. “The Multiple Faces of Islamophobia.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 1 (1): 9–33.

[31] Haque, M. M. 2015. “Multicultural Society in Burma: How It Failed to Accommodate the Rohingya Identity.” Journal of Language and Culture 32 (2): 1–26.

[32] Harold, F. 1898. The Soul of a People . 2nd ed. London: Macmillan.

[33] Hefner, R. W. 2001. The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

[34] Helly, D., and J. Dubé. 2014. “The Socio-political Context of Islamophobic Prejudices.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 2 (2): 143–56.

[35] Human Rights Watch . 2000. “Discrimination in Arakan.” https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-02.htm.

[36] Ibrahim, A. 2016. The Rohingyas: Inside Myanmar's Hidden Gencoide . London: C. Hurst. ILO. 1982. “Burma Citizenship Law.” www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/87413/99608/…/MMR87413.pdf.

[37] Jamil, U. 2014. “Reading Power: Muslims in the War on Terror Discourse.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 2 (2): 29–42.

[38] Jomo, K. S. 2004. “The New Economic Policy and Interethnic Relations in Malaysia.” United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 7. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/httpNetITFramePDF?ReadForm&parentunid=A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B&parentdoctype=paper&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/A20E9AD6E5BA919780256B6D0057896B/$file/jomo.pdf.

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