De orientalismos y occidentalismos: Porosidades trans/decoloniales desde las miradas de Franz Fanon, Edward W. Said y Hassan Hanafi

Quero, Hugo Córdova; Torchiaro, Belén

doi:10.13169/decohori.6.2020.0015

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Horizontes Decoloniales / Decolonial Horizons

Volume 6

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De orientalismos y occidentalismos: Porosidades trans/decoloniales desde las miradas de Franz Fanon, Edward W. Said y Hassan Hanafi

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Author(s): Hugo Córdova Quero , Belén Torchiaro

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2020

Journal: Horizontes Decoloniales / Decolonial Horizons

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

Este artículo analiza la situación del mundo árabe/musulmán en la mitad del siglo XX. Explica los tipos de colonialidad que han vivido Egipto, Palestina y Argelia. Centramos el análisis de las acciones político-sociales a la colonialidad en sus pueblos. Recobramos el pensamiento de Frantz Fanon desde la experiencia argeliana, para luego retomar en los casos de Edward Said —autor palestino— y su concepto de «orientalismo» y Hassan Hanafi — autor egipcio— y su propuesta del «occidentalismo». La última parte ensaya una contextualización de la obra de estos tres autores desde nuestra mirada latinoamericana situada en los conceptos de «porosidad» e «hibridez».

Palavras-chave: colonialismo, Occidente, Oriente, islam, hibridez, porosidad

Este artigo analisa a situação do mundo árabe/muçulmano em meados do século XX. Explique os tipos de colonialidade que o Egito, a Palestina e a Argélia experimentaram. Focamos a análise das ações político-sociais sobre a colonialidade em seus municípios. Recuperamos o pensamento de Frantz Fanon da experiência argelina, para depois voltar aos casos de Edward Said —autor palestino— e seu conceito de «orientalismo» e Hassan Hanafi —autor egípcio— e sua proposta de «ocidentalismo». A última parte tenta contextualizar a obra desses três autores a partir de nossa perspectiva latino-americana, situada nos conceitos de «porosidade» e «hibridez».

Palavras-chave: colonialismo, Ocidente, Oriente, islã, hibridez, porosidade

This article analyzes the situation in the Arab/Muslim world in the middle of the twentieth century. Explain the types of coloniality that Egypt, Palestine and Algeria have experienced. We focus the analysis of political-social actions on coloniality in their towns. We recover the thought of Frantz Fanon from the Algerian experience, to later return to the cases of Edward Said —Palestinian author— and his concept of «Orientalism» and Hassan Hanafi —Egyptian author— and their proposal of «Westernism.» The last part tries to contextualize these three authors' work from our Latin American perspective, situated in the concepts of «porosity» and «hybridity.»

Keywords: colonialism, the West, the East, Islam, hybridity, porosity

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Hugo Córdova Quero

Belén Torchiaro

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50019322

Journal ID (jcode): decohori

Title: Horizontes Decoloniales / Decolonial Horizons

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 2545-8728

ISSN: 2422-6343

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2020

Volume: 6

Issue: ( doiID: 10.13169/decohori.6.issue-2020 )

Pages: 15-68

Affiliations

Starr King School, Graduate Theological Union

Universidad de Buenos Aires

Article

Publisher ID: decohori.6.2020.0015

DOI: 10.13169/decohori.6.2020.0015

SO-VID: 6e9c4e9c-a21c-4530-8ce1-d995b213c5c5

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Referencias bibliográficas

Al-Anani, Khalil (2016). Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aranda Bustamante, Gilberto y Luis Palma Castillo (2006). Oriente medio: una eterna encrucijada. Santiago de Chile: RIL Editores.
Arendt, Hannah (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the Banality of Evil. Nueva York: The Viking Press.
Babcock, Barbara (1994). «Pueblo Cultural Bodies». Journal of American Folklore 107, N° 423: 40–53.
Bakhtin, Mikhail (2004). «Discourse in the novel». En: Michael Holquist (ed.), The Dialogic Imagination by M.M. Bakhtin: Four Essays, traduccioón de Caryl Emerson y Michael Holquist. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, pp. 259–423
Ben Ami, Shlomo (2006). Cicatrices de guerra, heridas de paz: La tragedia Arabe-Israeli. Barcelona: Ediciones B.
Benrabah, Mohamed (2013). Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). «Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse». En: The Location of Culture. Londres: Routledge, pp. 85–92.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1995 [1985]). «Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority Under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817.» Critical Inquiry 12, N° 1. En: Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths y Helen Tiffin (eds.), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Londres: Routledge, pp. 29–35.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1996). «Culture's In-Between.» En: Stuart Hall y Paul Du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity. Londres: Sage, pp. 53–60.
Bhabha, Homi K. (2004). The Location of Culture. Abingdon: Routledge.
Botman, Selma (1991). Egypt from Independence to Revolution, 1919–1952. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Branche, Raphaëlle (2001). La torture et l'armée pendant la guerre d'Algérie (1954–1962). París: Gallimard.
Brooke, Steven (2019). Winning Hearts and Votes: Social Services and the Islamist Political Advantage. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Campanini, Massimo (2012). «Il concetto di orientalismo/occidentalismo in Hasan Hanafi». I raccomandati / Los recomendados/ Les récommendés/ Highly recommended 8, N° 11: 313–321.
Choi, Sung-Eun (2016). Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home. Berlín: Springer.
Córdova Quero, Hugo (2008). «‘To be Nikkeijin or … Not to Be’: Identity Formation Dilemmas Among Brazilians of Japanese Ancestry Migrating to Japan». En: Mariko Iijima y Tamaki Watarai (eds.), From Nikkeijin to Nikkei: Searching for New Approaches to Studying Nikkeijin. Kioto: Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University / Japan Consortium for Area Studies, pp. 25–35.
Córdova Quero, Hugo (2009). «Promised Land(s)? Ethnicity, Cultural Identity, and Transnational Migration among Japanese Brazilian Workers in Japan». Iberoamericana 31, N° 1 (Primer Semestre): 19–33.
Córdova Quero, Hugo (2019). «¿Hacia la tierra prometida? Visibilizando la intersección entre religión(es) y migración(es)». En: Ely Orrego Torres (ed.), Las paradojas de la libertad religiosa en América Latina. Santiago de Chile: GEMRIP Ediciones, pp. 59–73.
Davis, Muriam Haleh (2011). «Algeria's Impact on French Philosophy: Between Poststructuralist Theory and Colonial Practice». Jadaliyya, 6 de junio. Disponible en: <https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/24073> [consultado el 7 de noviembre de 2020].
Drost, Alexander y Michael North (2016). «Future Directions in Borderlands Studies». En: John W. I. Lee y Michael North (eds.), Globalizing Borderlands Studies in Europe and North America. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Esposito, John L. y John O. Voll (2001). Makers of Contemporary Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Evans, Martin (2012). Algeria: France's Undeclared War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fanon, Franz (1961). Les Damnés de la Terre. París: François Maspero.
Fanon, Franz (1963 [1961]). The Wretched of Earth, traducción de Constance Farrington. Nueva York: Grove Press.
Fanon, Franz (1952). Peau noire, masques blancs. París: Éditions du Seuil.
Fanon, Franz (1967 [1952]). Black Skin, White Masks, traducido por Charles Lam Markmann. Nueva York: Groove Press.
Farah, Tawfic E. (2019 [1987]). Pan-arabism And Arab Nationalism: The Continuing Debate. Nueva York: Routledge.
Farajajé, Ibrahim Abdurrahman (2000). «Loving “Queer”: We Are All a Big Mix of Possibilities of Desire Just Waiting to Happen». In The Family 6, N° 1 (verano): 15–21.
Foucault, Michel (1990). History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Vol. 1. Nueva York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, Michel (1995). Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Nueva York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, Michel (1998 [1964]). Historia de la locura en la época clásica, Vol. 1. Bogotá: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Frampton, Martyn (2018). The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Gandhi, Leela (1998). Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
García Canclini, Néstor (2001 [1990]). Culturas híbridas: Estrategias para entrar y salir de la modernidad. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Grosfoguel, Ramón (2007). Unsettling Postcoloniality: Coloniality, Transmodernity and Border Thinking. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Grüner, Eduardo (2010). La oscuridad y las luces: Capitalismo, cultura y Revolución. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Edhasa.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1977 [1807]). Phenomenology of the Spirit, traducido por A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hourani, Albert (1991). La historia de los árabes. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Vergara.
Irigaray, Luce (1985). This Sex Which is not One. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.
Jacknis, Ira (1988). «Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson in Bali: Their Use of Photography and Film». Cultural Anthropology 3, N° 2 (mayo): 160–177.
Lawson, Tony y Joan Garrod (2001). Dictionary of Sociology. Londres: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
Majumdar, Margaret A. y Mohammed Saad (2005). «Introduction». En: Margaret A. Majumdar y Mohammed Saad (eds.), Transition and Development in Algeria: Economic, Social and Cultural Challenges. Bristol: Intellect, pp. 1–4.
Martín Muñoz, Gema (1999). El estado Árabe. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Martínez Carreras, José Urbano (2002). El mundo árabe e Israel: el Próximo Oriente en el siglo XX. Madrid: Istmo.
Mignolo, Walter D. (2006). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization. Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Mitchell, Richard Paul (1993). The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morewedge, Parviz y Oliver Leaman (1998). «Islamic Philosophy, Modern». En: Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 4091–4092.
Pappé, Ilan (2008). La limpieza étnica de Palestina, traducción de Luis Noriega. Barcelona: Crítica.
Peretz, Don (1982). «Estratificación social palestina: las implicancias políticas». Revista de Estudios Árabes 1 (marzo): 27–52.
Puig Montada, Josep (2012). «Hasan Hánafi: compromiso filosófico y político en el Islam actual». Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 23: 55–68.
Quijano, Aníbal (2000). «Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America». Neplanta: Views from the South 1, N° 3: 533–580.
Said, Edward W. (1979 [1978]). Orientalism. Nueva York: Vintage Books.
Said, Edward W. (1986). «Michael Walzer's ‘Exodus and Revolution: A Canaanite Reading‘». Grand Street 5, N° 2 (invierno): 86–106.
Said, Edward W. (1990). «Yeats and Decolonization». En: Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson y Edward W. Said, Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 69–95.
Said, Edward W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. Nueva York: Vintage Books.
Said, Edward W. (2000a). «The Palestinian Experience (1969)». En: Moustafa Bayoumi y Andrew Rubin (eds.), The Edward Said Reader. Nueva York: Vintage Books, pp. 14–37.
Said, Edward W. (2000b). «Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims (1979)». En: Moustafa Bayoumi y Andrew Rubin (eds.), The Edward Said Reader. Nueva York: Vintage Books, pp. 114–168.
Santing, Kiki M. (2020). Imagining the Perfect Society in Muslim Brotherhood Journals: An Analysis of al-Da'wa and Liwa' al-Islam. Berlín: Walter de Gruyter.
Sartre, Jean Paul (1948). Anti-Semite and Jew, traducción de George J. Becker. Nueva York: Schocken Books.
Shepard, Todd (2006). The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Shlaim, Avi (2005). «The Balfour Declaration And its Consequences». En: Wm. Roger Louis (ed.), Yet More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. Londres: I. B. Tauris, pp. 251–270.
Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). «Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008). En: Jan-Erik Lane y Hamadi Redissi, Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, pp. 225–244.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1988). «Can the Subaltern Speak?» En: Patrick Williams y Laura Chrisman (eds.), Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, pp. 66–111.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1990). The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, editado por Sarah Harasym. Nueva York, NY: Routledge.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1999). A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thomas, Baylis (2011). The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1976). The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Nueva York: Academic Press.
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Williams, D. T. (1998). Capitalismo, socialismo, cristianismo y pobreza. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.
Zahid, Mohammed (2010). The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis: The Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East. Londres: Tauris Academic Studies.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Al-Anani, Khalil (2016). Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[2] Aranda Bustamante, Gilberto y Luis Palma Castillo (2006). Oriente medio: una eterna encrucijada. Santiago de Chile: RIL Editores.

[3] Arendt, Hannah (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the Banality of Evil. Nueva York: The Viking Press.

[4] Babcock, Barbara (1994). «Pueblo Cultural Bodies». Journal of American Folklore 107, N° 423: 40–53.

[5] Bakhtin, Mikhail (2004). «Discourse in the novel». En: Michael Holquist (ed.), The Dialogic Imagination by M.M. Bakhtin: Four Essays, traduccioón de Caryl Emerson y Michael Holquist. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, pp. 259–423

[6] Ben Ami, Shlomo (2006). Cicatrices de guerra, heridas de paz: La tragedia Arabe-Israeli. Barcelona: Ediciones B.

[7] Benrabah, Mohamed (2013). Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

[8] Bhabha, Homi K. (1994). «Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse». En: The Location of Culture. Londres: Routledge, pp. 85–92.

[9] Bhabha, Homi K. (1995 [1985]). «Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority Under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817.» Critical Inquiry 12, N° 1. En: Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths y Helen Tiffin (eds.), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Londres: Routledge, pp. 29–35.

[10] Bhabha, Homi K. (1996). «Culture's In-Between.» En: Stuart Hall y Paul Du Gay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity. Londres: Sage, pp. 53–60.

[11] Bhabha, Homi K. (2004). The Location of Culture. Abingdon: Routledge.

[12] Botman, Selma (1991). Egypt from Independence to Revolution, 1919–1952. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

[13] Branche, Raphaëlle (2001). La torture et l'armée pendant la guerre d'Algérie (1954–1962). París: Gallimard.

[14] Brooke, Steven (2019). Winning Hearts and Votes: Social Services and the Islamist Political Advantage. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[15] Campanini, Massimo (2012). «Il concetto di orientalismo/occidentalismo in Hasan Hanafi». I raccomandati / Los recomendados/ Les récommendés/ Highly recommended 8, N° 11: 313–321.

[16] Choi, Sung-Eun (2016). Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home. Berlín: Springer.

[17] Córdova Quero, Hugo (2008). «‘To be Nikkeijin or … Not to Be’: Identity Formation Dilemmas Among Brazilians of Japanese Ancestry Migrating to Japan». En: Mariko Iijima y Tamaki Watarai (eds.), From Nikkeijin to Nikkei: Searching for New Approaches to Studying Nikkeijin. Kioto: Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University / Japan Consortium for Area Studies, pp. 25–35.

[18] Córdova Quero, Hugo (2009). «Promised Land(s)? Ethnicity, Cultural Identity, and Transnational Migration among Japanese Brazilian Workers in Japan». Iberoamericana 31, N° 1 (Primer Semestre): 19–33.

[19] Córdova Quero, Hugo (2019). «¿Hacia la tierra prometida? Visibilizando la intersección entre religión(es) y migración(es)». En: Ely Orrego Torres (ed.), Las paradojas de la libertad religiosa en América Latina. Santiago de Chile: GEMRIP Ediciones, pp. 59–73.

[20] Davis, Muriam Haleh (2011). «Algeria's Impact on French Philosophy: Between Poststructuralist Theory and Colonial Practice». Jadaliyya, 6 de junio. Disponible en: <https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/24073> [consultado el 7 de noviembre de 2020].

[21] Drost, Alexander y Michael North (2016). «Future Directions in Borderlands Studies». En: John W. I. Lee y Michael North (eds.), Globalizing Borderlands Studies in Europe and North America. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

[22] Esposito, John L. y John O. Voll (2001). Makers of Contemporary Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[23] Evans, Martin (2012). Algeria: France's Undeclared War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[24] Fanon, Franz (1961). Les Damnés de la Terre. París: François Maspero.

[25] Fanon, Franz (1963 [1961]). The Wretched of Earth, traducción de Constance Farrington. Nueva York: Grove Press.

[26] Fanon, Franz (1952). Peau noire, masques blancs. París: Éditions du Seuil.

[27] Fanon, Franz (1967 [1952]). Black Skin, White Masks, traducido por Charles Lam Markmann. Nueva York: Groove Press.

[28] Farah, Tawfic E. (2019 [1987]). Pan-arabism And Arab Nationalism: The Continuing Debate. Nueva York: Routledge.

[29] Farajajé, Ibrahim Abdurrahman (2000). «Loving “Queer”: We Are All a Big Mix of Possibilities of Desire Just Waiting to Happen». In The Family 6, N° 1 (verano): 15–21.

[30] Foucault, Michel (1990). History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Vol. 1. Nueva York: Vintage Books.

[31] Foucault, Michel (1995). Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Nueva York: Vintage Books.

[32] Foucault, Michel (1998 [1964]). Historia de la locura en la época clásica, Vol. 1. Bogotá: Fondo de Cultura Económica.

[33] Frampton, Martyn (2018). The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

[34] Gandhi, Leela (1998). Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.

[35] García Canclini, Néstor (2001 [1990]). Culturas híbridas: Estrategias para entrar y salir de la modernidad. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Paidós.

[36] Grosfoguel, Ramón (2007). Unsettling Postcoloniality: Coloniality, Transmodernity and Border Thinking. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

[37] Grüner, Eduardo (2010). La oscuridad y las luces: Capitalismo, cultura y Revolución. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Edhasa.

[38] Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1977 [1807]). Phenomenology of the Spirit, traducido por A. V. Miller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[39] Hourani, Albert (1991). La historia de los árabes. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Vergara.

[40] Irigaray, Luce (1985). This Sex Which is not One. Nueva York: Cornell University Press.

[41] Jacknis, Ira (1988). «Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson in Bali: Their Use of Photography and Film». Cultural Anthropology 3, N° 2 (mayo): 160–177.

[42] Lawson, Tony y Joan Garrod (2001). Dictionary of Sociology. Londres: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

[43] Majumdar, Margaret A. y Mohammed Saad (2005). «Introduction». En: Margaret A. Majumdar y Mohammed Saad (eds.), Transition and Development in Algeria: Economic, Social and Cultural Challenges. Bristol: Intellect, pp. 1–4.

[44] Martín Muñoz, Gema (1999). El estado Árabe. Barcelona: Bellaterra.

[45] Martínez Carreras, José Urbano (2002). El mundo árabe e Israel: el Próximo Oriente en el siglo XX. Madrid: Istmo.

[46] Mignolo, Walter D. (2006). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization. Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

[47] Mitchell, Richard Paul (1993). The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[48] Morewedge, Parviz y Oliver Leaman (1998). «Islamic Philosophy, Modern». En: Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 4091–4092.

[49] Pappé, Ilan (2008). La limpieza étnica de Palestina, traducción de Luis Noriega. Barcelona: Crítica.

[50] Peretz, Don (1982). «Estratificación social palestina: las implicancias políticas». Revista de Estudios Árabes 1 (marzo): 27–52.

[51] Puig Montada, Josep (2012). «Hasan Hánafi: compromiso filosófico y político en el Islam actual». Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 23: 55–68.

[52] Quijano, Aníbal (2000). «Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism and Latin America». Neplanta: Views from the South 1, N° 3: 533–580.

[53] Said, Edward W. (1979 [1978]). Orientalism. Nueva York: Vintage Books.

[54] Said, Edward W. (1986). «Michael Walzer's ‘Exodus and Revolution: A Canaanite Reading‘». Grand Street 5, N° 2 (invierno): 86–106.

[55] Said, Edward W. (1990). «Yeats and Decolonization». En: Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson y Edward W. Said, Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 69–95.

[56] Said, Edward W. (1994). Culture and Imperialism. Nueva York: Vintage Books.

[57] Said, Edward W. (2000a). «The Palestinian Experience (1969)». En: Moustafa Bayoumi y Andrew Rubin (eds.), The Edward Said Reader. Nueva York: Vintage Books, pp. 14–37.

[58] Said, Edward W. (2000b). «Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims (1979)». En: Moustafa Bayoumi y Andrew Rubin (eds.), The Edward Said Reader. Nueva York: Vintage Books, pp. 114–168.

[59] Santing, Kiki M. (2020). Imagining the Perfect Society in Muslim Brotherhood Journals: An Analysis of al-Da'wa and Liwa' al-Islam. Berlín: Walter de Gruyter.

[60] Sartre, Jean Paul (1948). Anti-Semite and Jew, traducción de George J. Becker. Nueva York: Schocken Books.

[61] Shepard, Todd (2006). The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[62] Shlaim, Avi (2005). «The Balfour Declaration And its Consequences». En: Wm. Roger Louis (ed.), Yet More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. Londres: I. B. Tauris, pp. 251–270.

[63] Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). «Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008). En: Jan-Erik Lane y Hamadi Redissi, Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, pp. 225–244.

[64] Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1988). «Can the Subaltern Speak?» En: Patrick Williams y Laura Chrisman (eds.), Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory. Nueva York: Columbia University Press, pp. 66–111.

[65] Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1990). The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, editado por Sarah Harasym. Nueva York, NY: Routledge.

[66] Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty (1999). A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[67] Thomas, Baylis (2011). The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

[68] Wallerstein, Immanuel (1976). The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Nueva York: Academic Press.

[69] Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

[70] Williams, D. T. (1998). Capitalismo, socialismo, cristianismo y pobreza. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.

[71] Zahid, Mohammed (2010). The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis: The Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East. Londres: Tauris Academic Studies.