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Separation Walls: Realities, Metaphors and Beyond
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Angela Merkel, “Speech by Angela Merkel, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, on the occasion of the 368th Harvard University Commencement on May 30, 2019 in Cambridge, MA,” https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-en/news/speech-by-dr-angela-merkel-chancellor-of-the-federal-republic republic-of-germany-on-the-occasion-of-the-368th-harvard-university-com mencement-on-may-30-2019-in-cambridge-ma-1634366, accessed June 21, 2019.
For a fuller discussion of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals, see Purdue Owl, https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/rhetorical_situation/aristotles_rhetorical_situation. html, accessed June 30, 2019.
Timothy Garton Ash, “Angela Merkel has Faced down the Russian Bear in the Battle for Europe,” The Guardian, December 22, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/22/angela-merkel-russian-europe-russia-german, accessed September 5, 2019.
Ibid.
Bianca Britton, Frederik Pleitgen and Claudia Otto, “Angela Merkel Stands in ‘Solidarity’ with Congresswomen Attacked by Trump,” CNN, July 7, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/19/europe/angela-merkel-annual-conference-intl-grm/index.html, accessed September 18, 2019.
Daniel Barenboim, “Germany Must Talk Straight with Israel,” The Guardian, November 9, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/09/germany-israel-history-peace-daniel-barenboim, accessed August 10,2019.
Robert Hopkins, “A Glimpse of Life behind the Berlin Wall,” The Telegraph, May 15, 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/11570669/A-glimpse-of-life-behind-the-Berlin-Wall.html, accessed August 9, 2019.
“Berlin Wall,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berlin-Wall, accessed July 26, 2019.
“The Separation Barrier,” B'tselem, November 11, 2017, https://www.btselem.org/separation barrier, accessed July 27, 2019.
Cheryl A. Rubenberg, “The Palestinians: Justice Denied,” in Valerie J. Hoffmann, ed., Making the New Middle East (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2019), 242.
For an excellent discussion of the fieldwork done by anthropologist Nina Gren, see her book, Occupied Lives: Maintaining Integrity in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in the West Bank (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2015).
“UNRWA,” Wikipedia, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNRWA, accessed November 18, 2019.
Erjan El Fassed, “EU: ‘Israel Must Stop Building Wall’,” Electronic Intifada, February 11, 2004, https://electronicintifada.net/content/eu-israel-must-stop-building-barrier/4982, accessed September 26, 2019.
“Courageous Voices, Fragile Freedoms: Israel's Arrest and Detention of Palestinian Human Rights Defenders Against the Annexation Wall,” Addameer Report (December 2013), http://www.addameer.org/files/Wall%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf, accessed July 21, 2019.
For an extensive discussion on BDS and its international import, see Nathan Throll, “BDS: How a Controversial Non-Violent Movement has Transformed the Palestinian-Israeli Debate,” The Guardian, August 14, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/14/bds-boycott-divestment-sanction movement-transformed-Israeli-Palestinian-debate, accessed August 10, 2019.
Joel D. Cameron, “Stasi: East German Government,” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stasi, accessed August 9, 2019.
Jenny Elazari, “Filmmaker: Israel Regime Like East German Stasi,” YnetNews, November 6, 2006, https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3261565,00.html, accessed August 3, 2019.
The military conditions which Palestinians in Israel have endured have received extensive scholarship. See, for example, Sabri Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel (1973 [Arabic]; New York: Monthly Review, 1977); Ilan Pappe, The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013); and Ilan Pappe, Ten Myths about Israel (London: Verso, 2017).
For a discussion of Palestinian literature, see Salam Mir, “Palestinian Literature: Occupation and Exile,” Arab Studies Quarterly 35:2 (Spring 2013), 110–129.
The phrase is from the essay with the same title by Edward W. Said, The Politics of Dispossession (New York: Vintage, 1995), 247–268.
David Shulman, Freedom and Despair: Notes from the South Hebron Hills (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018).
https://www.taayush.org, accessed March 18, 2019.
In addition to recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moving the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, the US government has also cut off all financial support to the Palestinian Authority (PA) and to UNRWA, and closed the PA's office in Washington.
Ramzy Baroud, “Apartheid Made Official: Deal of the Century is a Ploy and Annexation is a Reality,” September 16, 2019, Middle East Monitor, accessed September 21, 2019.
“Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/, accessed August 5, 2019.
“Admission of Israel to the United Nations-General Assembly Resolution 273,” May 11, 1949, https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook1/pages/admission%20of%20israel%20to%20the%20united%20nations-%20general.aspx, accessed August 6, 2019.
For a full list of the UN Human Rights, see “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 2015, https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf, accessed August 8, 2019.
For an incomplete list of resolutions, see “List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel,” Wikipedia, last edited April 6, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel, accessed August 10, 2019.
Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York: Vintage, 1996), 93.
Simha Flapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities (London: Pantheon, 1988).
Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Avi Shlaim, Israel and Palestine: Reappraisals, Revisions, Refutations (London: Verso, 2010).
Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oneworld Publication, 2007).
“Palestine Refugees,” UNRWA, https://www.unrwa.org/palestine-refugees, accessed August 7, 2019.
Edward W. Said has written extensively about Palestine. I will just mention the most seminal works here. The Question of Palestine (New York: Vintage, 1992); The Politics of Dispossessions (New York: Vintage, 1995); After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); and Out of Place: A Memoir (New York: Vintage, 2000).
See, for example, The Iron Cage (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2006); Palestinian Identity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009); Brokers of Deceit (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2014); and The Hundred Years' War on Palestine (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2019).
Edward W. Said, The End of the Peace Process (New York: Pantheon Books, 2000).
“Living conditions in Gaza ‘more and more wretched’ over past decade, UN finds,” UN News states: “A decade after Hamas seized the Gaza Strip, the living conditions for two million people in the Palestinian enclave are deteriorating “further and faster” than the prediction made in 2012 that the enclave would become “unlivable” by 2020, a new United Nations report has found,” July 11, 2017, https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/07/561302-living-conditions-gaza-more-and-more-wretched-over-past-decade-un-finds, accessed August 10, 2019.
Amy Goodman, “Leading Israeli Scholar Avi Shlaim: Israel Committing ‘State Terror’ in Gaza Attack, Preventing Peace,'” Democracy Now, January 14, 2009, https://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/14/leading_israeli_scholar_avi_shlaim_israel, accessed August 1, 2019.
For a full discussion of the de-development of Gaza, see Sara Roy, The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1995).
Avi Shlaim, “How Israel Brought Gaza to the Brink of Humanitarian Catastrophe,” The Guardian, January 6, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/07/gaza-israel-palestine, accessed August 1, 2010.
“United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict,” September 25, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_Gaza_Conflict, accessed November 18, 2019.
Ilan Pappe, “Israel's Incremental Genocide in the Gaza Ghetto,” Electronic Intifada, July 13, 2014, https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-incremental-genocide-gaza-ghetto/13562, accessed August 10, 2019.
Rashid Khalidi, The Hundred Years' War, (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), 263.
“Think of Others” by Mahmoud Darwish, from Almond Blossoms and Beyond, translated from the original Arabic by Mohammed Shaheen (Northampton: Interlink Books, 2010), https://www.palestineadvocacyproject.org/poetry-campaign/think-of-others/, accessed August 15, 2019.