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From Nahda to Nakba: The Governmental Arab College of Jerusalem and its Palestinian Historical Heritage in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
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Term used by R. Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 45.
K. Kramer, A History of Palestine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 128.
J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine (New York: North & Company Inc., 1950), 29; Samir K. Farsoun and Naseer H. Aruri, Palestine and the Palestinians: A Social and Political History (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2006, 2nd ed.), 66, 68–69; Thomas G. Fraser, The Arab-Israeli Conflict (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 3rd ed.), tr. for Mulino Editore, Il Conflitto Arabo-Israeliano , 2002, 14–19; Sergio della Pergola, Israele e Palestina: la forza dei Numeri (Bologna: il Mulino, 2007), 67.
Kramer, A History of Palestine , 305–306; G. Biger, The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947 (London: Routledge, 2004), 213–219; J. MacCarthy, The Population of Palestine: Population Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 35–38.
‘Abd al-Rahman Al-Jabarti, Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti's Chronicle on the French Occupation 1798 (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004).
A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); P. Abdulrazzak, The Arab Nahdah: The Making of Intellectual and Humanism Movement (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013); P. Branca, Voci dell’Islam moderno: il pensiero arabo–musulmano fra rinnovamento e tradizione (Geneva: Marietti, 1997); E. S. Kassab, Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010); R. Benzine, Les Nouveaux Penseurs de l’Islam (Paris: Albin Michel, 2003).
M. F. Abcarius, Palestine. Through the Fog of Propaganda (London: Hutchinson & Co, 1946), 101; Farsoun and Aruri, Palestine and the Palestinians , 75–76; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, A Survey of Palestine, 1945–1946 , vol. 2, 638.
A. L. Tibawi, Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine: A History of Three Decades of British Administration (London: Luzac & Company Ltd., 1956), 269s; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, A Survey of Palestine , vol. 2, 635.
R. Khalidi, The Iron Cage: The Story of Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2007), 14–24.
D. M. Roderic and M. Akrawi, Education in Arab Countries of Near East (Washington, DC: American Council of Education, 1949), 230.
Roderic and Akrawi, Education in Arab Countries of Near East , 233–234.
Roderic and Akrawi, Education in Arab Countries of Near East , 231–232.
M. ‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland: Historical, Educational and Literary Papers Presented to Abdul-Latif Tibawi (London: The Islamic Cultural Centre, 1977), 34; Roderic and Akrawi, Education in Arab Countries of Near East , 233.
Tibawi, Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine , 53.
T. Segev, One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate (New York: Picador, 2001); H. Sakakini, Jerusalem and I (Amman, Jordon: Economic Press, 1990).
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 29; Sadiq Ibrahim Odeh, “The Arab College in Jerusalem, 1918–1948: Recollections,” Jerusalem Quarterly , 9 (2000), 49.
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 29; S. Moreh, “Ma‘rūf al-Ruṣāfi,” in E.I . 2nd ed., vol. VI, 614–617.
Safa Khulusi, “Ma‘rūf al-Ruṣāfi in Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland: Historical: Educational and Literary Papers Presented to Abdul-Latif Tibawi (London: The Islamic Cultural Centre, 1977), 147–152.
Khulusi, “Ma‘rūf al-Ruṣāfi in Jerusalem,” 151–152.
T. M. Ricks, “Khalil Totah: The Unknown Years,” Jerusalem Quarterly 34 (2009), 51–77; Khalil Totah, “Education in Palestine,” Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science 164 (1932), 155–166.
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 30.
Totah, “Education in Palestine,” 155–156.
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 30.
Totah, “Education in Palestine,” 161.
M. Y. Choueiri, Arab Nationalism: A History (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2000), 33–34; Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism: Between Islam and the Nation State (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997).
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 31.
Baden Powell (1857–1941), a Lieutenant General of the British Army, veteran of the Second Matabele War (against native South African and Zimbabwe populations), founded the Boys’ Brigade at the beginning of the twentieth century, publishing the main values and principal of the organization in Scouting for Boys, in 1908. Usually considered a paramilitary association, with a strict and adventurous pedagogical training, open to boys and girls (in separate groups) the contemporary World Scout Association has freed itself of the dominant British post-Victorian patriotism, assuming a pacifist role throughout the world (including the Occupied Territories). H. Begbie, The Story of Baden Powell: The Wolf That Never Sleeps (London: Grant Richards, 1900).
Ricks, “Khalil Totah: The Unknown Years,” 62.
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 32.
Tibawi, Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine , 198.
R. Davis, “Commemorating Education: Recollections of the Arab College in Jerusalem 1918–1948,” Comparative Studies in South Asia, Africa and Middle East 23:1–2 (2003), 190–204.
Tibawi, Arab Education in Mandatory Palestine , 102–127.
Odeh, “The Arab College in Jerusalem, 1918–1948,” 49–50.
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 33.
I. Pappe, A History of Modern Palestine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 105–106; Kramer, A History of Palestine , 264.
Roderic and Akrawi, Education in Arab Countries of Near East , 233.
‘Abidi, “The Arab College, Jerusalem,” in Arabic and Islamic Garland , 34.
Choueiri, Arab Nationalism , 65–70; Khalidi, Palestinian Identity , 145s; R. Khalidi, “Palestinian Historiography: 1900–1948,” Journal of Palestinian Studies 10:3 (1981), 59–76.
Khalidi, “Palestinian Historiography: 1900–1948,” 60.
K. Sakakini, Filastīn ba’d al-ḥarb al-Kubrā (Jerusalem: Bayt al-Maqdīs Press, 1925), 9.
Choueiri, Arab Nationalism , 1–22.
M. I. Darwaza, Tārīkh Banī Isrāʾil min asfārihim, wa-aḥwāl wa-akhlāq wa-mawāqif al-Yahūd, wa-fī ‘aṣr al-Nabī wa-bīʾatih, min al-Qurʾān al-karīm (Ṣayda: al-Maktabah al-‘Aṣriiyah lil-Ṭiba‘ah wa-al-Nashr, 1969).
Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine (Beirut, Lebanon: The Institute of Palestinian Studies, 1973), 20s; Farīd Muṣṭafá Sulaymān, Muḥammad ‘Izzat Darwaza wa-tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-karīm (al-Riyaḍ: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1993).
Abu-Ghazaleh, Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine , 23.
Abu-Ghazaleh, Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine , 25–26.
M. R. Bracy, ‘Isa al-‘Isa, Filastin, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911–1931 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2011); Q. Tuqan, Khālidūn al-‘Arab (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Quds lil-Ṭiba‘ah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzi‘, 1954); Q. Tuqan, Nashāṭ al-‘Arab al-‘ilmī fī miʾat sanah (Beirut, Lebanon: al-Jami‘ah al-Amirikiyah fi Bayrut, 1963).
B. D. Monk, An Aesthetic Occupation. The Immediacy of Architecture and the Palestine Conflict (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 101–119; M. ‘Abidi, tārīkhinā (Amman, Jordon: Jam‘iyat ‘Ummal al-Matabi‘ al-Ta‘awuniyah, 1959).
D. R. Woolf, A. Feldherr, and J. Maiguashca, The Oxford History of Historical Writing . Vol. IV, 1800–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 588s.; Adeed Dawisha, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 99; N. Ziadeh, Abʾad al-tarikh al-lubnani al-hadith (al-Qahirah, Egypt: Maʾhad al-Buhuth wa-al-Dirasat al-ʾArabiyah, 1972); N. Ziadeh, Dirasat Islamiyah (Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Andalus, 1960); N. Ziadeh, Damascus under the Mamluks (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964).
‘Arif al-‘Arif (1892–1973) was a Palestinian journalist, politician, and historian, appointed by Jordan as governor of Ramallah after the Nakba, and director of the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem after the 1967 War. He wrote a history of Jerusalem, of Gaza, of the Bedouin lifestyle near B’ir Shab‘a (today Beersheba) and an analysis on the Nakba.
‘Arif al-‘Arif, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Quds (Jerusalem: Matba‘at al-Ma‘arif, 1947), i–ii.
B. Doumani, “Archiving Palestine and the Palestinians: The patrimony of Ihsan Nimr,” Jerusalem Quarterly 36 (2009), 3–12.
Khalidi, “Palestinian Historiography: 1900–1948,” 75–76.
G. Antonius, Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938), Chap. XVI.
Itamar Radai, “The Collapse of Palestinian Arab Middle Class in 1948: The Case of Qatamon,” Middle Eastern Studies 46:6 (2007), 961–982.
Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, “Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine during the British Mandate,” Journal of Palestinian Studies 1:3 (1973), 62–63.
Odeh, “The Arab College in Jerusalem, 1918–1948,” 54.
Abu-Ghazaleh, Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine , 100.
E. Kedourie, “Religion and Politics: The Diaries of Khalil Sakakini,” in St Antony’s Papers (n.4), Middle Eastern Affairs (London: Chatto & Windus, 1958), 77–94.
Radai, “The Collapse of Palestinian Arab Middle Class in 1948,” 965.
Kedourie, “Religion and Politics: The Diaries of Khalil Sakakini,” 93.
Abu-Ghazaleh, “Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine during the British Mandate,” 61.
Khalidi, Palestinian Identity , 174.
Antonius, Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement , 443.
E. Brownson, “Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Teaching History in Mandate Palestine,” Journal of Palestine Studies 43:3 (Spring 2014), 19s.
Brownson, “Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Teaching History in Mandate Palestine,” 20.