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      Egypt Under SCAF and the Muslim Brotherhood: The Triangle of Counter-Revolution

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            Author and article information

            Journal
            10.13169
            arabstudquar
            Arab Studies Quarterly
            Pluto Journals
            02713519
            20436920
            Spring 2015
            : 37
            : 2
            : 177-199
            Article
            arabstudquar.37.2.0177
            10.13169/arabstudquar.37.2.0177
            6953534c-956e-483f-a013-ed198daa7938
            © 2015 The Center for Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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            Social & Behavioral Sciences
            Egyptian revolution,democratization,SCAF,Muslim brotherhood,United States,counter-revolution

            Notes

            1. “The Muslim Brotherhood: We Will Not Participate in January 25 Protests.” Al-Wafd (Cairo), January 20, 2011, http://www.alwafd.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12821&cpage=30.

            2. “Egyptian Salafi Clerics Issue Spate of Controversial Fatwas.” Al Arabiya News , December 8, 2011, http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/06/181146.html.

            3. “Key Constitutional Amendments Announced.” Al-Ahram (Cairo), February 27, 2011.

            4. “Egyptian Voters Approve Constitutional Changes.” The New York Times , March 20, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/21/world/middleeast/21egypt.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

            5. See the text of the “Interim Constitutional Declaration” at: http://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/laws/constitution/default.aspx.

            6. See the text of the amended law at: www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=378865.

            7. See the text of Decree Law No. 108 of 2011 with amendments on September 25, 2011 at: www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=501131.

            8. “Egypt: Civilians Tried Since February Exceed Total Under Mubarak.” Human Rights Watch , September 10, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/10/egypt-retry-or-free-12000-after-unfairmilitary-trials.

            9. “Workers Say SCAF Has No Right to Ban Strikes.” Al-Ahram (Cairo), April 10, 2011.

            10. Al-Gindi, Egypt's first Minister of Justice after the January revolution, revealed that the Society of the Mohammadi Sunna received foreign transfers of US$181 million, claiming that the funds would be used for activities related to the “memorization” of Quran. See “Final Remarks of the Fact-Finding Mission Investigating the Question of Foreign Funding.” Al-Ahram (Cairo), February 14, 2012. See also “Jurists: Closure of Civil Society Organizations Is a Gift to the Islamist Parties.” Al-Wafd (Cairo), January 1, 2012.

            11. These points are documented in , “The Islamists and the Supra-Constitutional Principles.” Al-Arabi (Cairo), July 24, 2011; “Failing the 25 January Revolution With Prior Determination.” Al-Arabi (Cairo), September 9, 2011.

            12. “Muslim Brotherhood Statement on Obstacles Hindering Power Handover to Elected Civilians.” Ikhwanweb , March 24, 2012, http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29812.

            13. “SCAF Hits Back at Brotherhood Criticisms.” Al-Ahram (Cairo), March 25, 2012. For further details, see “Beating the Drums Between the Brotherhood and the SCAF.” Sout Al-Omma (Cairo), May 27, 2012.

            14. “Consolidating Power.” Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), issue no. 1103, June 21–27, 2012.

            15. The Iranian complex refers to the US fear of unpredictable Islamist-oriented mass movements that can threaten American interests by replacing a US-friendly regime with a US-hostile one, similar to what happened in Iran in 1979. See , “Egypt: The Collapse of the Army-Brotherhood Alliance.” Fair Observer , August 6, 2013, http://www.fairobserver.com/article/egypt-collapse-army-brotherhood-alliance?page=12.

            16. “Overtures to Egypt's Islamists Reverse Longtime U.S. Policy.” The New York Times , January 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/04/world/middleeast/us-reverses-policy-in-reachingout-to-muslim-brotherhood.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

            17. The statement is available at: http://www.mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/pressreleases?ID=cf34de54-d3b5–651d-c3ee-505c71941ff2.

            18. “Muslim Brotherhood Seeks U.S. Alliance as It Ascends in Egypt.” The Washington Times , April 5, 2012, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/5/muslim-brotherhood-seeks-us-alliance-as-it-ascends/?page=all; See also “Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood Woos Washington.” The Daily Beast , April 5, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/05/egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-woos-washington.html.

            19. “Conversations on Diplomacy Moderated by Charlie Rose,” June 20, 2012, http://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2012/06/193554.htm.

            20. See: http://www.rferl.org/content/egypt-mursi-muslim-brotherhood-election/24617277.html.

            21. “Saad Eddin Ibrahim to Al-Sharq Al-Awsat: Christian Villages Were Surrounded In Order Not to Vote,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (London), June 24, 2012.

            22. “Saad Eddin Ibrahim: 7,000 Monitors Confirmed the Victory of Shafiq in the Runoff Election by a Margin of 30,000 Votes,” Al-Watan (Cairo), September 2, 2012.

            23. “A Letter From Begato Reveals the Forgery of Presidential Elections.” Al-Wafd (Cairo), May 28, 2013.

            24. For more details, see “Al-Masry Al-Youm Monitors the Brotherhoodization of the State in Eight Months Under Morsi.” Al-Masry Al-Youm (Cairo), February 14, 2013.

            25. “Morsi Issues New Constitutional Declaration.” Al-Masry Al-Youm (Cairo), November 22, 2012.

            26. “Sabbahi, ElBaradei Launch National Front to Fight Morsi's Decrees.” Al-Ahram (Cairo), November 24, 2012.

            27. “Judges Club Lashes Out at Morsi's Decisions.” Al-Masry Al-Youm (Cairo), November 22, 2012.

            28. “The Supreme Constitutional Court: Defending Human Rights or the Mubarak Regime?” A report by Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, January 14, 2013, http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5807.

            29. “Mohamed Morsi Signs Egypt's New Constitution Into Law.” The Guardian , December 26, 2012, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/26/mohamed-morsi-egypt-constitution-law.

            30. See the final text of the 2012 constitution at: http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1283056.

            31. “The Muslim Brotherhood Lays the Foundations for a New Police State by Exceeding the Mubarak Regime's Mechanisms to Suppress Civil Society.” Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, May 30, 2013, http://www.cihrs.org/?p=6691&lang=en.

            32. “UN Rights Chief Warns Egypt at Risk of Drifting Away From Ideals That Ignited Revolution.” UN News Center, May 8, 2013, http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44858&Cr=egypt&Cr1=.

            33. “The Condition of Egyptian Workers: One Year After the Brotherhood's Rule.” A report issued by the Center for Trade Union & Workers Services (Cairo), July 2013, http://www.solidar.org/IMG/pdf/ctuws2one_year_of_trade_union_freedom_violations_during_morsi_s_regime.pdf.

            34. “Torture in Egypt During a Year of Muslim Brotherhood Rule.” El Nadeem Center, June 26, 2013, http://alnadeem.org/en/node/439.

            35. “One Year into Mohamed Morsi's Term Manifold Abuses and the Systematic Undermining of the Rule of law.” The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, June 26, 2013, http://en.eohr.org/2013/06/26/one-year-into-mohamed-morsis-term-manifold-abuses-and-the-systematicundermining-of-the-rule-of-law/.

            36. “The United States' Reaction to Egypt's November 22 Decisions.” Press Statement, Department Spokesperson, Office of the Spokesperson, Washington, DC, November 23, 2012, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/11/200983.htm.

            37. “Referendum on the Egyptian Constitution.” Press Statement, Acting Deputy Spokesperson, Office of the Spokesperson, Washington, DC, December 25, 2012, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/12/202381.htm.

            38. “Kerry Announces $250 Million in U.S. Aid for Egypt.” The New York Times , March 3, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/04/world/middleeast/kerry-announces-millions-in-us-aid-foregypt.html?_r=0.

            39. “Q&A With US Ambassador to Egypt Anne Patterson.” Ahram Online , May 22, 2013, http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/71312/Egypt/Politics-/QA-with-US-Ambassador-to-Egypt-Anne-Patterson.aspx.

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