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The author expresses thanks to her doctoral supervisors, Roger Clarke, Peter Drahos, Don Lamberton and Greg Shailer, and to Andrew Greinke for his comments on earlier drafts of this article.
J. Boyle, Shamans, Software, and Spleens, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1996, p. 38.
F. Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United Stales, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1962; M. Porat, The Information Economy, US Department of Commerce, Washington, 1977; C. Jonscher, ‘Information resources and economic productivity’, Information Economics and Policy, 1, 1983, pp. 13–35.
S. M. Besen and L. J. Raskind, ‘An introduction to the law and economics of intellectual property’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 1991, p. 3.
S. Ricketson, The Law of Intellectual Property, Law Book Company, Sydney, 1984, pp. 425–26.
K. J. Arrow, ‘Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention’, in National Bureau of Economic Research, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1962, pp. 609–25.
Ibid, p. 614.
Ibid, p. 615.
H. Demsetz, ‘Information and efficiency: another viewpoint’, Journal of Law and Economics, 12, 1970, pp. 1–22.
See, for example, K. W. Dam, ‘The economic underpinnings of patent law’, Journal of Legal Studies, 23, 1994, pp. 247–71.
M. Polyani, Knowing and Being, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1964, p. 195.
F. Machlup, ‘Optimum utilization of knowledge’, Knowledge, Information and Decisions: Society, 20, 1982, p. 10.
D. M. Lamberton, S. Macdonald and T. D. Mandeville, ‘Information and technological change—a research program in retrospect’, in P. Hall (ed.), Technology, Innovation and Economic Policy, Philip Allan, Oxford, 1982, p. 231.
Arrow, op. cit., p. 618. This theme is not pursued, however, and Arrow disposes of it as simply compounding the appropriability problem.
P. Monk, Technological Change in the Information Economy, Pinter Publishers, London, 1989, pp. 87–92.
M. Pendleton, ‘Intellectual property, information-based society and a new international economic order—the policy options?’, European Intellectual Property Review, 2, 1985, p. 31.
S. Scotchmer, ‘Standing on the shoulders of giants: cumulative research and the patent law’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 1991, p. 29.
S. Ricketson, ‘New wine into old bottles: technological change and intellectual property rights’, Prometheus, 10, 1992, p. 53.
T. D. Mandeville, Understanding Novelty: Information, Technological Change, and the Patent System, Ablex, New Jersey, 1996, p. 42.
J. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd Ed, Harper, New York, 1950.
Mandeville, op. cit., p. 46.
C. Antonelli, ‘The economic theory of information networks’, in C. Antonelli (ed.), The Economics of Information Networks, Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, 1992, p. 5.
S. C. Salop and D. T. Scheffman, ‘Cost-raising strategies’, Journal of Industrial Economics, 36, 1987, p. 19.