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ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND THE REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
United States Agency for International Development, Power Shortages in Developing Countries: Magnitude, Impacts, Solutions and the Role of the Private Sector, Washington, DC, 1988.
United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on Trends and Salient Issues in Energy Resources (E/C.7/10), 1989, paras. 55-69.
This list is by no means comprehensive and each broad category can be subdivided into numerous detailed technologies.
For an evaluation of alternative forms of renewable energy (with particular emphasis on the UK) see M. J. Grubb, ‘The Cinderella options: a study of modernised renewable energy technologies. Part 1 — a technical assessment’, Energy Policy, 18, 6, 1990, pp. 525–42.
Strictly speaking, this comment is a little unfair since externalities associated with coal-fired plant are largely ignored — hence the reason for concern over the build up of C02 gases.
Details are from K. Currie, Options for Mitigating the Greenhouse Effect, UK Department of the Environment, HMSO, London, April 1989.
Currie, op. cit.
For Australia, these trends have been published in Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Energy Demand and Supply: Australia, 1960-61 to 1985-85, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1987.
Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Forecasts of Energy Demand and Supply: Australia, 1986-87 to 1999-2000, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1987.
Refrigerators and freezers, room air conditioners, central air conditioners and heat pumps, water heaters, furnaces, dishwashers, clothes washers, clothes dryers, room heaters, kitchen ranges and ovens, pool heaters, and television sets.
Bill Keepin and Gregory Kats give a number of illustrations in ‘Greenhouse warming’, Energy Policy, 16, 6, 1988, pp. 538-61. See also International Energy Agency, Energy Conservation in IEA Countries, OECD, Paris, 1987.
For a discussion on pricing and incentives for environmental improvement see David Pearce, Anil Markandya and Edward B. Barbier, Blueprint for a Green Economy, Earthscan Publications, London, 1989, ch. 7.
A discussion of the problem can be found in Peter M.S. Jones, ‘Energy, environment and the market: the internalisation of externalities’, paper presented at a Surrey University Energy Economics Centre seminar, 1989.
E. M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovation, Free Press, New York, 1962. Rogers suggested that the behavioural process leading up to the adoption of innovations could be described by five stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trials and adoption. He suggested that individuals involved in this process could be categorised as innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards.
For an evalution of Australia's performance in this area see Robert E. Marks, Towards 2000: Australian Energy Policy and Conservation, Working Paper 89-004, Australian Graduate School of Management, University of New South Wales, 1989. An evaluation of the potential for alternative fuels has been given by K. Currie, ‘Options for mitigating the greenhouse effect’, paper presented at seminar on climate change, UK Department of the Environment, 1989.
Lee Schipper and Andrea Ketoff, ‘Energy efficiency: the perils of a plateau’, paper presented at the Environmental Challenges: The Energy Response conference, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, December 1989.
Conoco. . 1989. . World Energy Outlook through 2000 . , Texas : : Houston. .