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TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE INFORMATION ECONOMY: THE EXAMPLE OF QUEENSLAND
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
Pioneering works associated with this awareness are Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1962; Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, Basic Books, NY, 1973.
Thomas Mandeville, Stuart Macdonald, Beverley Thompson and D. M. Lamberton, Technology, Employment and the Queensland Information Economy, Report to the Department of Employment and Labour Relations, Queensland, Brisbane, 1983.
E.g., Marc Porat, The Information Economy, OT Special Publication 77-12, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington DC, May 1977; OECD, Information Activities, Electronics and Telecommunications Technologies, Paris, 1981.
It would appear that only one other regional study has appeared — for the state of California. See J. R. Schement, L. A. Lievrouw and H. S. Dordick, ‘The information society in California — social factors affecting its emergence’, Telecommunications Policy, 7, 1, 1983, pp. 64–72.
OECD, op. cit.
For a good discussion of the tertiary (service) sector, its definition and theories seeking to explain its growth, see K. Tucker, ‘The nature and size of the service sector’ in K. Tucker (ed.), Economics of the Australian Service Sector, Croom Helm, London, 1977, pp. 13–52; Eli Ginzberg and George Vojta, ‘The service sector of the U.S. economy’, Scientific American, 244, 3, 1981, pp. 32–9.
See ABS, Census 81 — Occupation, Canberra, Catalogue No. 2148.0.
OECD, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 122–4, Table B.1.
ILO International Standard Classification of Occupations, Revised Edition, Geneva, 1969.
Another approach to defining information work is discussed in J. R. Schement and L. A. Lievrouw, ‘A behavioral measure of information work’, paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Information Communication Association, San Francisco, May 1984.
See ABS, Population Census, 1971, 1976, 1981.
Census data.
ABS, The Labour Force, Educational Attainment, Australia, Feb. 1980, Canberra, Catalogue No. 6235.0, p. 6.
Ginzberg and Vojta, op. cit., p. 37.
Barry Jones, Sleepers Wake! Technology and the Future of Work, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1982, p. 154.
Committee of Inquiry into Technological Change in Australia, Technological Change in Australia (Myers Report), AGPS, Canberra, 1980, Vol. II, p. 22.
OECD, op. cit., pp. 26–7.
Information technologies are those associated with the production, processing, storage and transmission of information. Traditional examples are pen and paper, but the term now usually refers to technologies based on microelectronics — computers, word processors, PABX, etc.
This reflects parallel developments in Australia as a whole and indeed across all of the OECD. See OECD, op. cit., pp. 71–5, 85–6. Studies of the diffusion of information technology in Australia include: A. Brown and S. Macdonald, ‘Technological change and employment in the insurance industry’, Economic Activity, 25, 4, 1982, pp. 6–20; S. Macdonald and T. Mandeville, Diffusion and Employment Effects of World Processors in Australia, Working Papers in Economics No. 21, Dept. of Economics, University of Queensland, 1980; S. Macdonald, T. Mandeville and D. Lamberton, Computers in Small Business in Australia, Industry Economics Discussion Paper No. 14, Dept. of Economics and Institute of Industrial Economics, University of Newcastle, 1980.
A study in 1981 discovered 15 robots in Queensland out of an Australian total of 181. See M. Kassler, Implications of Robots for New South Wales, consultant study commissioned by the NSW Science and Technology Council, Sydney, 1981.
E.g., C. Freeman, ‘Social and economic impact of microelectronics’, paper to the Technology Assessment Workshop, Department of Science and Environment, Sydney, July 1979; S. Macdonald and T. Mandeville, Diffusion and Employment Effects of Word Processors in Australia, op. cit., pp. 3–6.
Not only business firms, but many other groups in society are increasing their demands for information. For a discussion of this in the context of the trade unions, see John Corina, ‘Trade unions, new technology and incomes policy: disclosure and use of company information’, Prometheus, 1, 2, 1983, pp. 303–29.
E. Neuberger, ‘Libermanism, computopia and visible hand: the question of information effeciency’, American Economic Review, 56, 2, 1966, pp. 131–44.
E.g., Brown and Macdonald, op. cit.
This finding tends to support Gold‘s observation that cost savings and other advantages associated with the adoption of innovations cannot automatically be assumed to carry over into increased profits. See Bela Gold, ‘On the adoption of technological innovations in industry: superficial models and complex decision processes’ in Stuart Macdonald, D. McL. Lamberton and Thomas Mandeville (eds), The Trouble with Technology, Frances Pinter, London, 1983, pp. 104–21.
F. W. Horton, ‘Budgeting and accounting for information’, Government Accountants Journal, 28, 1, 1979, pp. 21–31.
Brown and Macdonald, op. cit.
D. Lamberton, S. Macdonald and T. D. Mandeville, ‘Productivity and technological change: towards an alternative to the Myers’ hypothesis’, Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, 9, 2, 1982, pp. 23–30.
See K. Arrow, The Limits of Organization, Norton, New York, 1974, p. 49.
See F. Withington, ‘Coping with computer proliferation’, Harvard Business Review, 58, 3, 1980, pp. 152–64.
P. Strassman, ‘The office of the future — information technology for the new age’, Technology Review, 82, 3, 1980, p. 55.