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HIGH TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND THE SILICON VALLEY MODEL: AN AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
E.g., Nicholas Rothwell, ‘Parties bet on high-tec to bring new economic dawn’, Australian, 22 February 1983, p. 16.
The last Minister for Science and Technology declared that young high technology firms created 59 times more employment than mature industries. D. Thomson, Hansard, Representatives, 14 December 1982, p. 3395. See also Australian Academy of Technological Sciences, Developing High Technology Enterprises for Australia (Espie Report), Parkville, 1983, pp. 24–5. Both neglect to consider unemployment caused by failed high technology firms: their comparison is of all mature industry with only successful high technology firms.
Thomson D.. 1983. . “‘Official opening’ in Department of Science and Technology. ”. In Finance for Technology Ventures . , p. 3––5. . Canberra : : Australian Government Publishing Service. .
Department of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Statement 1981–82, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1982, preface.
“Our record of invention is excellent, but unfortunately our history is littered with projects that have not reached fruition or have been lost to other countries”. Thomson, ‘Official opening’, op. cit., p. 3. See also Stuart Macdonald, The Individual Inventor in Australia, Report to Industrial Property Advisory Committee, Department of Economics, University of Queensland, 1982.
The Australian Scientific Industry Association aims “to exploit the undoubted quality of indigenous innovation and manufacture for the benefit of the scientific industry and Australia”, ASIA information leaflet, 1983.
Thomson, ‘Official opening’, op. cit., p. 4. This strange notion seems to have come from Laurence Hartnett, ‘Introduction to the forums’ in Department of Science and Technology, Creating High Technology Enterprises, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1981, pp. 1–2.
For example, the last government referred to the proposals of the draft Espie Report as “a most significant catalyst in the revitalisation of Australian industry”. D. Thomson, ‘Development of high technology industry’, Commonwealth Record, 21–27 February 1983, p. 253.
The inability of Australian technology to attract venture capital from overseas, and BHP's purchase of coal resources from GEC to allow the latter to enter high technology in the US suggest the same conclusion. See ‘High technology has corporate predators licking their chops‘, Economist, 19 February 1983, pp. 67–8. The new Labor government's venture capital initiatives and the recommendations of the recent Espie Report, op. cit., are welcome in that they will help overcome imperfections in the venture capital market, but they will not — as the Espie Report came to realise — compensate for Australia's fundamental technological deficiencies. See Denys McCullough, ‘The Australian venture finance scene. A management advisor's view reflecting on the Espie Report’, paper delivered to Hi-Tech 2 Seminar on Venture Finance, Brisbane, 13 April 1983.
See Ken Gannicott, Australia's Technological Comparative Advantage and Research Planning, Report to Policy Evaluation and Analysis Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 1981, p. 29. However, the Minister for Science and Technology has stated, “… in the area of high technology industry, comparative advantage is not bestowed, rather created.” B. Jones, ‘Keynote address', Management Technology Education Conference on Sunrise Industries, Sydney, 31 May 1983, p. 7.
Department of Science and Technology, Creating High Technology Enterprises, op. cit., p. 31.
ibid.
See D.M. Lamberton, S. Macdonald and T.D. Mandeville, ‘Productivity and technological change: towards an alternative to the Myers’ hypothesis', Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, 9, 2, 1982, pp. 23–30.
More properly uncertainty if risk is taken to be calculable.
Stuart Macdonald. . 1979. . ‘The need to succeed’. . Journal of General Management . , Vol. 4((3)): 74––83. .
Robert Kaus. . 1983. . ‘Can creeping socialism cure creaking capitalism?’. . Harper's . , February;: 17––22. .
See Ernest Braun and Stuart Macdonald, Revolution in Miniature. The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982; Roy Rothwell, ‘Small and medium sized manufacturing firms and technological innovation’, Management Decision, 16, 6, 1978, pp. 362–70; Arnold Cooper and Albert Bruno, ‘Success among high technology firms’, Business Horizons, 20, 2, 1977, pp. 16–22. Some large organisations have cast their own smaller venture units in order to achieve this flexibility, though often the venture groups become ossified too. See Edward Roberts and Alan Frohman, ‘Internal entrepreneurship: strategy for growth’, Business Quarterly, 37, 1972, pp. 71–8; Dan Dunn, ‘The rise and fall of ten venture groups’, Business Horizons, 20, 5, 1977, pp. 32–41.
Both programs have recently been reviewed by a Parliamentary Committee, which failed to be impressed. “… the Committee is unable to come to any clear conclusion about the effectiveness of the offsets/A.I.P. progam. In fact, the evidence suggests that no-one is in a position to come to any such conclusions … what technology is transferred depends on the public sector's current needs, which may have little relationship to what technology transfer is desirable for Australia as a whole.” House of Representatives Standing Committee on Expenditure, Commonwealth Government Purchasing, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1981, p. 47.
E.g., Australian Computer Equipment Manufacturers’ Association, Submission to IAC Inquiry into Computer Hardware and Software …, Melbourne, April 1983. See also J. Durie, ‘High technology claims government has abandoned it’, Australian Financial Review, 12 August 1981, p. 17.
One Australian high technology entrepreneur expressed the situation succinctly, “…I find it irrational to refuse these debilitating handouts, which are so easily obtained. As a salve to the conscience I use the fact that my taxes contribute to this endless pool of money, and that refusal would be a disadvantage against the competition which accepts”. D. Webster, ‘How an Australian computer systems manufacturer can survive in the face of international competition’, paper delivered to DEC Users Symposium, Sydney, July 1980.
E.g., “The high growth rate and economic success of technology ventures in the U.S. is renowned.” Thomson, op. cit., 5.
On the high risks involved in high technology enterprises in the United States see David Brophy, ‘The venture capital investment market in the U.S.’, paper presented to Hi-Tech 2 Seminar on Venture Finance, Brisbane, April, 1983.
For an assessment of the preserving influence of protection on the Australian electronics industry see G.A. Rattigan, ‘Opening address’ in Australian Academy of Science, Science and Industry Forum, From Stump-Jump Plough to InterScan, Canberra, 1977, p. 11.
For an example of total confusion of key technology policy, sunrise industry policy and high technology policy see Department of Science and Technology, Submission to Industries Assistance Commission Inquiries into Computers etc., Metal Working Machine Tools and Robots, Canberra, May 1983.
See M. Chase, ‘Electronics companies move out of ‘Silicon Valley’ ‘, Australian Financial Review, 25 March 1980, p. 28; ‘Sand in the works for Silicon Valley planners’, Australian Financial Review, 16 April 1980, p. 20; ‘Delicate bonds: the global semiconductor indusry’, Pacific Research, 11, 1, 1980, p. 6.
‘Silicon Valley comes to Britain’, Economist, 11 July 1981, pp. 83–4.
Punch, 5 May 1982, p. 3.
‘Scots on the move — into the microchip age’, Economist, 15 August 1981, pp. 19–20.
Economist, 22 August 1981, p. 11.
Department of Trade and Industry, South Australia, Technology Park Adelaide, Adelaide, April 1981. The project has been referred to as “the first Australian answer to America‘s Silicone [sic] Valley” Australian Stock Exchange Journal, June 1981, p. 230, which glorious example of the failure of the financial community to keep abreast of modern technology says much about the inadequacies of Australia's venture capital market.
‘Silicon Island — tomorrow's world leader?’, Japan Quarterly, 29, 4, 1982.
E.g., ‘The Maryland high-tech phenomenon’, High Technology, September/October 1981, special advertising section. See also, ‘America rushes to high tech for growth’, Business Week, 28 March 1983, pp. 50–6.
J. Poprzerzny, ‘Institute plans ‘Silicon Valley’ industrial park’, Australian, 12 August 1981, p. 11.
The assumption is very common; see, for example, William Henkin, ‘Silicon Valley: incubator of high technology’, Economic Impact, 41, 1983, pp. 43–9.
V. Gledhill, ‘High technology industry in New South Wales’, Australian Computer Bulletin, September 1981, pp. 22–7.
M. Townley, Hansard, Representatives, 25 March 1981, p. 716.
R McKilliam, ‘Opening of new ERA’, Brisbane Courier-Mail, 15 September 1981, p. 22. Queensland itself is said to be peculiarly appropriate for high technology industry because of its “bright people” and “established reputation”. L. Edwards, ‘Keynote address’, paper delivered to Hi-Tech 2 Seminar on Venture Finance, Brisbane, 13 April 1983, p. 5.
National Semiconductor, Media Release, 24 March 1981.
M. Hodgman, Hansard, Representatives, 26 March 1981, p. 951.
B. Buchanan, ‘Silicon City’ plan for developing Canberra’, Brisbane Telegraph, 9 June 1981, p. 30.
M. Hodgman, Hansard, Representatives, 26 March 1981, p. 951.
Martin Walker, ‘The boom that's by-passing the new towns of Britain‘, Guardian, 26 April 1982, p. 15. See also Alfred Thwaites, Some Evidence of Regional Variations in the Innovation and Diffusion of Industrial Products and Processes within British Manufacturing Industry, Discussion Paper No. 40, Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1981; Peter Large, ‘Councils worry over location of UK ‘silicon valley’, Australian, 21 November 1978, p. 18. “If a graduate from Stanford comes down Silicon Valley explaining he has just invented the wheel, a Californian venture capital firm will computer run the OEM (original equipment makers‘) list and say ‘if you can get bulk orders from any two of the following 879 firms that might be interested in buying this thing called a wheel, we will take stock options in you’. If a British graduate invents the wheel, he will get a generous government grant to establish a factory for making it on top of a Welsh mountain that has not got any roads; he may then advertise it in the Sledrunners’ Gazette”. ‘How to cut employment’, Economist, 28 May 1983, p. 15.
The importance to present US government technology policy of understanding the development of the semiconductor industry is stressed in Richard Levin, ‘The semiconductor industry’ in Richard Nelson (ed.), Government and Technical Progress, Pergamon, New York, 1982, pp. 9–100.
David Stout. . 1980. . ‘The impact of technology on economic growth in the 1980s’. . Daedalus . , Vol. 109((1)): 159––67. .
Gibson A.. 1956. . Progress in Semiconductors . , p. 4 London : : Heywood. . Report of the International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors
Stuart Macdonald, David Collingridge and Ernest Braun. . 1981. . ‘From science to technology. The case of semiconductors’. . Bulletin of Science and Technology in Society . , Vol. 1:: 173––201. .
Stuart Macdonald and Ernest Braun. . 1977. . ‘The transistor and attitude to change’. . American Journal of Physics . , Vol. 45((11)): 1061––5. .
Braun and Macdonald, op. cit., p. 141.
See Stuart Macdonald, ‘Technology beyond machines’, in Stuart Macdonald, D. McL. Lamberton and Thomas Mandeville (eds), The Trouble with Technology, Frances Pinter, London, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1983 (forthcoming), pp. 26–36.
Estall E. C.. 1963. . ‘The electronics products industry of New England’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 39: July;: 189––216. .
Braun and Macdonald, op. cit., pp. 124–5.
Tilton J.. 1971. . International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semiconductors . , Washington , D.C. : : Brookings Institution. .
Macdonald, ‘The need to succeed’, op. cit.
‘Semiconductor family tree’, Electronic News, 8 July 1968, pp. 4–5, 38.
Biography. Dr. William Shockley’, Solid State Journal, May 1961.
Thomas S.. 1962. . Men of Space . , p. 199––200. . Philadelphia : : Chilton Publishing. .
Lindgren N.. 1971. . “‘The splintering of the solid-state electronics industry’. ”. In Dealing with Technological Change . , p. 39 New York : : Auerbach/Innovation Magazine. .
‘Silicon summit’, Electronic News, 29 September 1969, p. 1.
US International Trade Commission, Competitive Factors Influencing World Trade in Integrated Circuits, Washington D.C., 1979, p. 106; ‘The kid whizzed’, Economist, 2 February 1980, pp. 80–1.
Stuart Macdonald and Ernest Braun. . 1977. . ‘The invention barrier’. . National Electronics Review . , Vol. 13((6)): 112––16. .
Lindgren, op. cit., p. 34.
‘Semiconductor family tree’, op. cit.; A. Golding, The Semiconductor Industry in Britain and the United States: A Case Study in Innovation, Growth and the Diffusion of Technology, D. Phil, thesis, University of Sussex, 1972, p. 249.
Braun and Macdonald, op. cit., p. 139.
See ‘High technology has corporate predators licking their chops’, Economist, 19 February 1983, pp. 67–8. A high acquisition rate for young firms in Silicon Valley is a major conclusion of A.V. Bruno and A.C. Cooper, ‘Patterns of development and acquisitions for Silicon Valley startups’, Technovation, 1, 4, 1982, pp. 275–90.
‘Fortune seeqers’, Economist, 6 February 1982, p. 65.
Macdonald, ‘The need to succeed’, op. cit.
‘The fight that Fairchild won’, Business Week, 5 October 1968, p. 106.
For example, when Jean Hoerni, ex-Shockley Transistor, ex-Fairchild, ex-Amelco Semiconductor, ex-Union Carbide, hired half a dozen experts from National Semiconductor to join his new company, Intersil, National Semiconductor secured a consent decree to deter further encroachment. ‘Intersil: upstart with talent’, Business Week, 12 September 1970, pp. 74–6.
See Stuart Macdonald, ‘Cause and consequence of change in semiconductor electronics’ in Conference on Microprocessor Systems, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Publication No. 78/13, 1978, pp. 73–8.
Stuart Macdonald, ‘Personal communication in research and development’ in W. Callebaut et al. (eds), Theory of Knowledge and Science Policy, University of Ghent, Belgium, 1980, pp. 255–71.
R. Wilson, P. Ashton, and T. Egan, Innovation, Competition and Government Policy in the Semiconductor Industry, Lexington Books, Mass., 1980, pp. 62–4; Stuart Macdonald, ‘Patents in perspective’ in The Economic Implications of Patents in Australia, Australian Patents Office, Canberra, 1981, pp. 21–38.
These matters are discussed at length in Braun and Macdonald, op. cit., passim.
See the account of the failure of the Scottish electronics industry in Nick Perry, ‘Corporate control and the organisation of innovation’, paper given to Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Congress, Auckland, 1979.
G. A. Rattigan, ‘Comparison of the IAC and Jackson Committee approaches to industrial development’, Australian Economic Papers, 16, 28, 1977, pp. 26–43. The issue is considered in detail in Stuart Macdonald, ‘The relevance of Silicon Valley to Australia’, Australian Electronic Engineering, 15, 3, 1982, pp. 38–46.
Everett Rogers. . 1982. . “‘Information exchange and technological innovation’. ”. In The Transfer and Utilization of Technical Knowledge . , Edited by: Devendra Sahal. . p. 105––23. . Lexington , Mass. : : Lexington Books. .