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      Wildlife and public perceptions of opportunities for psychological restoration in local natural settings

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
      People and Nature
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          • Wildlife might be important to psychologically restorative values and disvalues of nature, as interactions with wildlife could trigger both positive and negative feelings. Research on positive experiences of human–wildlife interactions has largely involved participants who voluntarily sought out wildlife experiences or it has addressed encounters with non‐threatening animals in urban green spaces. Less is known about the opportunities for psychological restoration in landscapes shared with mammals that are perceived to pose a threat to human activities and health.

          • This study provides a nuanced understanding of the role of wildlife in public perceptions of the restorative potential and experience of psychological restoration in local natural settings.

          • Twenty‐eight participants (15 women, 13 men, 18–75 years) took part in focus group interviews subject to a reflexive thematic analysis. As an analytical framework, we used a theoretical model for how people appraise the relevance, implications, coping potential and norm congruence of human–wildlife interactions and how such appraisals may support or hinder the restoration experienced in local natural settings.

          • Relevance appraisals revealed shifts in consideration of the presence of wildlife from an integrated part of the natural scenery (background) to a distinct figure (foreground).

          • Implication appraisals revealed that wildlife encounters would hinder the experienced psychological restoration if the animal was appraised as dangerous, disgusting, causing a nuisance or destructive. Wildlife encounters would promote restoration if the animal displayed attractive traits, features or fascinating behaviour or movements, and if it opened engaging interaction situations.

          • Coping strategies perceived as feasible to deal with negative implications of wildlife involved avoidance of the local natural setting, preparatory behaviour displayed before a visit and precautionary behaviour displayed during the visit.

          • Important public health effects might be gained if wildlife policy and management explicitly consider what animals mean to the perceived restorative potential of local natural settings.

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          Sammanfattning

          • Förekomst av vilt levande djur kan ha betydelse för människors möjlighet till mental återhämtning i naturen eftersom djurlivet kan ge upphov till både positiva och negativa känslor. Tidigare forskning om positiva upplevelser av vilt har företrädesvis handlat om situationer där människor medvetet har sökt sig till en plats för att se djur, fokuserat djurarter som vanligtvis inte betraktas som farliga för människor, eller varit begränsade till småvilt i urbana grönområden. Däremot saknas kunskap om möjligheter till mental återhämtning i naturområden med större däggdjur som också kan upplevas utgöra ett hot mot människors aktiviteter och hälsa.

          • Den här studien bidrar till en nyanserad förståelse av viltets betydelse för allmänhetens upplevda möjligheter till mental återhämtning i lokala naturområden.

          • Vi intervjuade 28 deltagare (15 kvinnor, 13 män, 18–75 år) i fokusgrupper. Intervjuerna analyserades med sk reflexiv tematisk analys. I analyserna utgick vi ifrån en teoretisk modell för människors bedömning av relevans och konsekvenser av interaktioner mellan människa och vilt samt tillgång till strategier för att hantera sådana interaktioner och samstämmighet med normer i dessa situationer. Modellen beskriver också hur bedömningar kan stödja eller hindra upplevelsen av mental återhämtning.

          • Deltagarnas bedömning av viltets relevans för mental återhämtning varierade avseende om djuren betraktades som en integrerad eller en unik framträdande del av naturlandskapet.

          • Bedömningen av konsekvenser visade att möten med vilt levande djur upplevdes hindra den mentala återhämtningen om djuret ansågs vara farligt eller äckligt, orsaka olägenhet eller förstöra för människor. Möten med vilt upplevdes stödja återhämtning om djuret ansågs ha ett attraktivt utseende eller positiva egenskaper, fascinerande beteenden eller rörelsemönster, eller om djuret skapade särskilt engagerande situationer.

          • De strategier som deltagarna bedömde som möjliga och tillgängliga för att hantera negativa konsekvenser av vilt var undvikande av lokala naturområden, förberedelser som vidtogs innan ett eventuellt besök i naturområdet och försiktighetsåtgärder under tiden deltagarna vistades i naturområdet.

          • Det kan finnas positiva effekter för folkhälsan om viltpolicy och förvaltning explicit beaktar betydelsen av vilt för människors upplevda möjlighet till mental återhämtning i lokala naturområden.

          Abstract

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

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            The weirdest people in the world?

            Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
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              One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                People and Nature
                People and Nature
                Wiley
                2575-8314
                2575-8314
                April 2024
                February 20 2024
                April 2024
                : 6
                : 2
                : 800-817
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Environmental Psychology, Department of Architecture and Built Environment Lund University Lund Sweden
                [2 ] Institute for Housing and Urban Research Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
                [3 ] Department of Psychology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
                [4 ] Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Riddarhyttan Sweden
                [5 ] Department of Psychology and Social Work Mid Sweden University Östersund Sweden
                Article
                10.1002/pan3.10616
                f940ac6f-cb5e-4bbe-a0d1-2f7c8c06aace
                © 2024

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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