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      Auf dem Weg zum digitalen homo vitruvianus? Medizinisches Selftracking und digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) zwischen Empowerment und Kontrollverlust

      Ethik in der Medizin
      Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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          Zusammenfassung

          Zunehmend gewinnen Health Apps an Bedeutung für eine präventive und eigenverantwortliche Ausrichtung des Gesundheitssystems. Die meisten dieser digitalen Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) basieren derzeit auf sog. Selftracking-Technologien, mit deren Hilfe physiologische und psychische Daten sensorgestützt aufgezeichnet und diese zumeist um personalisierte Alltagsinformationen ergänzt werden. Die digitalen Entwicklungen dieser Art lösten in den letzten Jahren eine intensive und deutlich polarisierte Debatte über die Chancen und Gefahren von gesundheitlichem Selftracking aus. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, nach einem kurzen Überblick über das Feld des medizinischen Selftracking den polarisierten Diskurs zunächst anhand seiner entscheidenden individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Potenziale zu systematisieren und zu prüfen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass Selbstvermessungstechniken keineswegs ein neues Phänomen, sondern vielmehr seit langem fester Bestandteil medizinischen Wirkens in Diagnostik und Therapie sind. Als für die Implementierung von Health Apps in die medizinische Regelversorgung besonders bedeutend wird das Spannungsfeld zwischen individuellem Empowerment und potentiellem Kontrollverlust der Nutzenden herausgestellt. Abschließend werden mögliche Implikationen für die aktuelle Ausgestaltung des neuen Digitale-Versorgung-Gesetzes (DVG) aufgezeigt und auf einige bestehende „blinde Flecken“ hingewiesen.

          Abstract

          Definition of the problem

          Health Apps are becoming increasingly important for a preventive and responsible orientation of the health system. Currently, most of these digital health applications (DiGA) are based on so-called self-tracking technologies which record physiological and psychological data via sensors, usually combined with personalized everyday information. In the last few years, these digital developments have launched an intense and clearly polarized debate about the opportunities and dangers of self-tracking in healthcare.

          Arguments

          After a brief overview of medical self-tracking, this essay wants to systematize and check the polarized discourse on the basis of its decisive individual and social potentials. It turns out that self-measurement techniques have long been an integral part of medical practice in diagnostics and therapy.

          Conclusion

          The area of tension between individual empowerment and potential loss of control by the users will be emphasized as being especially important for the implementation of health Apps in primary health care. Finally, possible implications for the current design of the new German Digital Care Law (Digitale-Versorgung-Gesetz) are shown and some existing “blind spots” are highlighted.

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          Most cited references48

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          Gamification for health and wellbeing: A systematic review of the literature

          Background Compared to traditional persuasive technology and health games, gamification is posited to offer several advantages for motivating behaviour change for health and well-being, and increasingly used. Yet little is known about its effectiveness. Aims We aimed to assess the amount and quality of empirical support for the advantages and effectiveness of gamification applied to health and well-being. Methods We identified seven potential advantages of gamification from existing research and conducted a systematic literature review of empirical studies on gamification for health and well-being, assessing quality of evidence, effect type, and application domain. Results We identified 19 papers that report empirical evidence on the effect of gamification on health and well-being. 59% reported positive, 41% mixed effects, with mostly moderate or lower quality of evidence provided. Results were clear for health-related behaviours, but mixed for cognitive outcomes. Conclusions The current state of evidence supports that gamification can have a positive impact in health and wellbeing, particularly for health behaviours. However several studies report mixed or neutral effect. Findings need to be interpreted with caution due to the relatively small number of studies and methodological limitations of many studies (e.g., a lack of comparison of gamified interventions to non-gamified versions of the intervention).
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            Emerging Patient-Driven Health Care Models: An Examination of Health Social Networks, Consumer Personalized Medicine and Quantified Self-Tracking

            A new class of patient-driven health care services is emerging to supplement and extend traditional health care delivery models and empower patient self-care. Patient-driven health care can be characterized as having an increased level of information flow, transparency, customization, collaboration and patient choice and responsibility-taking, as well as quantitative, predictive and preventive aspects. The potential exists to both improve traditional health care systems and expand the concept of health care though new services. This paper examines three categories of novel health services: health social networks, consumer personalized medicine and quantified self-tracking.
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              Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self: Re-Articulating Autonomy, Solidarity, and Authenticity in an Age of Personalized Healthcare

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ethik in der Medizin
                Ethik Med
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0935-7335
                1437-1618
                March 2021
                December 08 2020
                March 2021
                : 33
                : 1
                : 13-30
                Article
                10.1007/s00481-020-00602-1
                aa363d4f-8109-4cbd-b6fa-8cf050fe581c
                © 2021

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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