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      Heat Treatment of Industrial Alkaline Lignin and its Potential Application as an Adhesive for Green Wood–Lignin Composites

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          The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials.

          Biomass represents an abundant carbon-neutral renewable resource for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials, and its enhanced use would address several societal needs. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, process chemistry, and engineering are leading to a new manufacturing concept for converting renewable biomass to valuable fuels and products, generally referred to as the biorefinery. The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.
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            Lignin as renewable raw material.

            Lignin is by far the most abundant substance based on aromatic moieties in nature, and the largest contributor to soil organic matter. Millions of tonnes of several lignin preparations are produced by the paper industry every year, and a minimal amount of lignin is isolated by direct extraction of lignin from plants. Lignin is used either directly or chemically modified, as a binder, dispersant agent for pesticides, emulsifier, heavy metal sequestrant, or component for composites and copolymers. For value-added applications of lignin to be improved, medium- and long-term conversion technologies must be developed, especially for the preparation of low-molecular-weight compounds as an alternative to the petrochemical industry.
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              Recent Advances in Characterization of Lignin Polymer by Solution-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Methodology

              The demand for efficient utilization of biomass induces a detailed analysis of the fundamental chemical structures of biomass, especially the complex structures of lignin polymers, which have long been recognized for their negative impact on biorefinery. Traditionally, it has been attempted to reveal the complicated and heterogeneous structure of lignin by a series of chemical analyses, such as thioacidolysis (TA), nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). Recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology undoubtedly have made solution-state NMR become the most widely used technique in structural characterization of lignin due to its versatility in illustrating structural features and structural transformations of lignin polymers. As one of the most promising diagnostic tools, NMR provides unambiguous evidence for specific structures as well as quantitative structural information. The recent advances in two-dimensional solution-state NMR techniques for structural analysis of lignin in isolated and whole cell wall states (in situ), as well as their applications are reviewed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
                ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.
                American Chemical Society (ACS)
                2168-0485
                2168-0485
                July 13 2017
                August 07 2017
                July 06 2017
                August 07 2017
                : 5
                : 8
                : 7269-7277
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
                [2 ]National Paper Quality Supervision Testing Center, China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute, No. 4 Qiyang Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, P. R. China
                [3 ]Composites Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
                [4 ]Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
                Article
                10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01485
                5de19f4c-1859-4189-afe8-6764bdcea4eb
                © 2017
                History

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