Development of sustainable bio-adhesives for engineered wood panels – A Review

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Abstract

Stricter legislation on formaldehyde emissions as well as growing consumer interest in sustainable raw materials and products are the main driving factors behind research on bio-based adhesives, as alternatives to amino-based ones, for wood panels.

Abstract

Changes in both formaldehyde legislations and voluntary requirements ( e.g. Germany RAL) are currently the driving factors behind research on alternatives to amino-based adhesives; moreover, consumer interest in healthy and sustainable products is increasing in bio-based adhesives. Sources of formaldehyde emissions in wood-based panels as well as different emission test methods have been discussed, and the main focus of this review is on the research conducted on sustainable bio-based adhesive systems for wood panels. Lignin, tannin, protein, and starch have been evaluated as both raw materials and adhesive alternatives to existing amino-based thermosetting adhesives. Adhesion improving modifications of these bio-based raw materials as well as the available and experimental crosslinkers have also been taken into account.

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Most cited references 132

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Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers

Luc Averous, Stéphanie Laurichesse (2014)

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Towards lignin-based functional materials in a sustainable world

Xian Loh, Yong Liang Yap, Yun Khim Chua … (2016)

The recent developments of lignin were reviewed in terms of different approaches to synthesize lignin-based copolymers, the resulting features and the potential applications of such copolymers. In light of the incessant consumption of raw materials in the world today, the search for sustainable resources is ever pressing. Lignin, the second most naturally abundant biomass, which makes up 15% to 35% of the cell walls of terrestrial plants, has always been treated as waste and used in low-value applications such as heat and electricity generation. However, its abundance in nature could potentially solve the problem of the rapidly depleting resources if it was successfully translated into a renewable resource or valorized to higher value materials. Advanced lignin modification chemistry has generated a number of functional lignin-based polymers, which integrate both the intrinsic features of lignin and additional properties of the grafted polymers. These modified lignin and its copolymers display better miscibility with other polymeric matrices, leading to improved performance for these lignin/polymer composites. This review summarizes the progress in using such biopolymers as reinforcement fillers, antioxidants, UV adsorbents, antimicrobial agents, carbon precursors and biomaterials for tissue engineering and gene therapy. Recent developments in lignin-based smart materials are discussed as well.

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Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis.

A Tejado, C Peña, J Labidi … (2007)

During the last decades lignin has been investigated as a promising natural alternative to petrochemicals in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin production, due to their structural similarity. Physico-chemical characterization of three types of lignin, namely kraft pine lignin (L1), soda-anthraquinone flax lignin (L2), and ethanol-water wild tamarind lignin (L3) has been evaluated to determine which one is the most suitable chemical structure for above purpose. Characterization has been performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ((1)H NMR) to analyse the chemical structure, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for determining molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the glass transition temperature and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to follow the thermal degradation. Both structural and thermal characteristics suggest that kraft pine lignin (L1) would be a better phenol (P) substitute in the synthesis of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins, as it presents higher amounts of activated free ring positions, higher MW and higher thermal decomposition temperature.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): RSCACL

Title: RSC Advances

Abbreviated Title: RSC Adv.

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

ISSN (Electronic): 2046-2069

Publication date Created: 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 2017

Volume: 7

Issue: 61

Pages: 38604-38630

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Forestry and Wood Technology

[2 ]Linnaeus University

[3 ]351 95 Växjö

[4 ]Sweden

[5 ]Wood Technology

[6 ]TVM

[7 ]Luleå University of Technology

[8 ]931 87 Skellefteå

Article

DOI: 10.1039/C7RA06598A

SO-VID: 766b0563-9160-4cbd-931d-267d21cfc8df

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