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      Massage and touch-based therapy : Clinical evidence, neurobiology and applications in older patients with psychiatric symptoms Translated title: Massage und berührungsbasierte Therapie : Klinische Evidenz, Neurobiologie und Anwendung bei älteren Patienten mit psychiatrischen Symptomen

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          Abstract

          Background

          Massage and touch-based treatment are popular despite limited evidence from high quality clinical trials. This article reviews the rationale and evidence of treating older patients with psychiatric symptoms by touch-based therapy.

          Methods

          Narrative literature review, based on Medline search with the following key words: massage, social touch, affective touch, clinical trial, meta-analysis. Citations of identified articles were searched for additional relevant studies.

          Results

          Evidence from clinical trials in adult patients with mainly chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal system suggests that massage therapy results in significant short-term improvement of symptoms; however, treatment effects appear not to be sustained. In addition, conclusions are difficult to draw owing to very heterogeneous study interventions, difficulties with definition of control conditions and treatment outcomes. There appears to be better evidence for improvement of psychological variables and subjective symptoms, such as pain and quality of life. A neuronal system of affective and social touch has been identified with specific afferents from C‑fibre coupled low threshold mechanoreceptors projecting into the insular cortex and the limbic system. This system may also mediate effects of massage in adult patients. Positive clinical trials for depressive symptoms of dementia and for behavioral symptoms of advanced dementia are available with encouraging results.

          Conclusion

          The neuronal system of social and affective touch suggests a potential mechanism of action of touch-based interventions in geriatric psychiatry. In addition, it provides a rationale for applying and designing novel touch-based treatment strategies as adjunctive treatment for psychiatric disorders of old age.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Massage und berührungsbasierte Therapie erfreuen sich großer Beliebtheit trotz begrenzter Evidenz von klinischen Studien, die hohen formalen Qualitätsansprüchen genügen. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über Begründung und klinische Effektivität von berührungsbasierten Therapien bei älteren Patienten mit psychiatrischen Erkrankungen.

          Methoden

          Narrativer Review. Literatur wurde über PubMed mit folgenden Stichworten gesucht: „massage“, „social touch“, „affective touch“, „clinical trial“ und „metaanalysis“. Referenzen der auf diese Weise identifizierten Literatur wurden ebenfalls herangezogen.

          Ergebnisse

          Evidenz aus klinischen Studien mit erwachsenen Patienten, die an überwiegend chronischen Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparats leiden, spricht für eine signifikante kurzfristige symptomatische Besserung der Beschwerden. Die Wirksamkeit ist aber nur kurz anhaltend. Die Bewertung der Studien ist schwierig, da viele verschiedene Therapieformen bei unterschiedlichen Krankheitsbildern mit unterschiedlichen Endpunkten untersucht werden. Zudem ist es schwierig bis unmöglich, verblindete Kontrolltherapien zu definieren. Die Evidenz scheint für eine bessere Wirksamkeit auf psychologische und subjektive Endpunkte wie Schmerzen und Lebensqualität zu sprechen. In den letzten Jahren wurde ein neuronales Netzwerk für soziale und affektive Verarbeitung von Berührung identifiziert, das sich durch definierte Afferenzen von niedrigschwelligen Mechanorezeptoren über C‑Fasern definiert. Diese projizieren zum Inselkortex und zum limbischen System. Diese Kenntnisse können helfen, ältere Therapiestrategien für ältere Menschen mit psychiatrischen Erkrankungen und Begleitsymptomen auf ihre Wirksamkeit und ihre Wirkmechanismen hin zu untersuchen, neu zu bewerten und neue Therapieoptionen, die auf Berührung und Massage beruhen, zu entwickeln. Studien bei Patienten mit Altersdepression und depressiven Symptomen bei Demenz haben bereits vielversprechende Ergebnisse erbracht.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Das neurobiologische Netzwerk für affektive und soziale Berührung könnte die Basis für einen Wirkmechanismus berührungsbasierter Therapien bei psychiatrischen Patienten in höherem Alter sein. Dieser Wirkmechanismus könnte dazu führen, dass berührungsbasierte Therapieoptionen in Zukunft besser untersucht werden und ihre Effektivität als Therapieoption für psychiatrische Störungen bei älteren Menschen geprüft werden kann.

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          Most cited references30

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          The sensory neurons of touch.

          The somatosensory system decodes a wide range of tactile stimuli and thus endows us with a remarkable capacity for object recognition, texture discrimination, sensory-motor feedback and social exchange. The first step leading to perception of innocuous touch is activation of cutaneous sensory neurons called low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs). Here, we review the properties and functions of LTMRs, emphasizing the unique tuning properties of LTMR subtypes and the organizational logic of their peripheral and central axonal projections. We discuss the spinal cord neurophysiological representation of complex mechanical forces acting upon the skin and current views of how tactile information is processed and conveyed from the spinal cord to the brain. An integrative model in which ensembles of impulses arising from physiologically distinct LTMRs are integrated and processed in somatotopically aligned mechanosensory columns of the spinal cord dorsal horn underlies the nervous system's enormous capacity for perceiving the richness of the tactile world. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Discriminative and affective touch: sensing and feeling.

            The multimodal properties of the human somatosensory system continue to be unravelled. There is mounting evidence that one of these submodalities-touch-has another dimension, providing not only its well-recognized discriminative input to the brain, but also an affective input. It has long been recognized that touch plays an important role in many forms of social communication and a number of theories have been proposed to explain observations and beliefs about the "power of touch." Here, we propose that a class of low-threshold mechanosensitive C fibers that innervate the hairy skin represent the neurobiological substrate for the affective and rewarding properties of touch. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Discoveries in structure and physiology of mechanically activated ion channels

              The ability to sense physical forces is conserved across all organisms. Cells convert mechanical stimuli into electrical or chemical signals via mechanically activated ion channels. In recent years, the identification of new families of mechanosensitive ion channels-such as PIEZO and OSCA/TMEM63 channels-along with surprising insights into well-studied mechanosensitive channels have driven further developments in the mechanotransduction field. Several well-characterized mechanosensory roles such as touch, blood-pressure sensing and hearing are now linked with primary mechanotransducers. Unanticipated roles of mechanical force sensing continue to be uncovered. Furthermore, high-resolution structures representative of nearly every family of mechanically activated channel described so far have underscored their diversity while advancing our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms of pressure sensing. Here we summarize recent discoveries in the physiology and structures of known mechanically activated ion channel families and discuss their implications for understanding the mechanisms of mechanical force sensing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                daniel.kopf@rkh-kliniken.de
                Journal
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Z Gerontol Geriatr
                Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0948-6704
                1435-1269
                23 November 2021
                : 1-5
                Affiliations
                Klinik für Geriatrie, Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Geriatrischer Schwerpunkt, RKH-Kliniken Ludwigsburg/Bietigheim, Riedstr. 12, 74321 Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
                Article
                1995
                10.1007/s00391-021-01995-4
                8609249
                34812896
                3965a34d-8fc4-439e-a937-92b8a88230ab
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 17 September 2021
                : 21 October 2021
                Categories
                Themenschwerpunkt

                dementia,mechanoreceptors,c‑fibers,social touch,geriatric depression,demenz,mechanorezeptoren,c‑fasern,soziale berührung,geriatrische depression

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