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      Using claws to compare reproduction, stress and diet of female bearded and ringed seals in the Bering and Chukchi seas, Alaska, between 1953–1968 and 1998–2014

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          Abstract

          We investigate the relationship among reproduction, stress and diet in bearded and ringed seals by measuring hormones and stable isotopes stored in claws. As a result, we calculated pregnancy rate of individual females and found that ringed seals seem able to adjust well to changes in diet, unlike bearded seals.

          Abstract

          Rapid climate warming is decreasing sea ice thickness, extent and duration. Marine mammals such as bearded ( Erignathus barbatus) and ringed ( Pusa hispida) seals, which use sea ice for pupping, molting and resting, may be negatively affected. Claws from bearded and ringed seals store up to 14 and 12 years of sequential analyte data, respectively. These data can be used to compare reproduction, stress and diet across decades. In this study, we compare progesterone, cortisol and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in female bearded and ringed seals during 1953–1968 (pre-1968, a period prior to sea ice decline) to 1998–2014 (post-1998, a period during sea ice decline). When comparing these periods, bearded seals had statistically higher cortisol concentrations post-1998, and for both species δ 13C was more negative post-1998, while progesterone and δ 15N did not change. There was a positive relationship between progesterone and cortisol Z-scores for both species, except for ringed seals post-1998. There was a negative relationship between cortisol Z-scores and δ 13C for bearded seals evident in post-1998 indicating that higher cortisol Z-scores are associated with more negative δ 13C in bearded seals in recent years. This negative relationship between cortisol and δ 13C in bearded seals suggests a shift to higher prey diversity, possibly due to changes in sea ice in the Pacific Arctic evident post 1998. Progesterone Z-scores corresponded to expected differences among non-pregnant, unimplanted, implanted and post-partum individuals. Using these data, pregnancy history was determined for reproductive years for each individual female sampled, which could allow for yearly pregnancy rates to be calculated given a large enough representative sample of the population. These results combine decades of observational studies with hormones and stable isotopes to infer changes in reproduction, stress and diet, as well as the connection between these life history parameters.

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          How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions.

          The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs permitting other facets of the stress response to emerge efficaciously, and/or by stress levels of GCs actively stimulating the stress response. In contrast, a revisionist viewpoint posits that GCs suppress the stress response, preventing it from being pathologically overactivated. In this review, we consider recent findings regarding GC action and, based on them, generate criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stress-response or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor. We apply these GC actions to the realms of cardiovascular function, fluid volume and hemorrhage, immunity and inflammation, metabolism, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. We find that GC actions fall into markedly different categories, depending on the physiological endpoint in question, with evidence for mediating effects in some cases, and suppressive or preparative in others. We then attempt to assimilate these heterogeneous GC actions into a physiological whole.
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            Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast

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              Arctic sea ice thickness, volume, and multiyear ice coverage: losses and coupled variability (1958–2018)

              R Kwok (2018)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                Conserv Physiol
                Conserv Physiol
                conphys
                Conservation Physiology
                Oxford University Press
                2051-1434
                2021
                06 January 2021
                06 January 2021
                : 9
                : 1
                : coaa115
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology, Baylor University , Waco TX, 76706, USA
                [2 ]Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Road , Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA
                [3 ] Alaska Department of Fish and Game , 1255 W 8 th St, Juneau, AK 99802, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco TX, 76706, USA. Email: ddiancrain@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                coaa115
                10.1093/conphys/coaa115
                7786451
                33442472
                1fbff0c3-4deb-4c74-8820-c382d75a2785
                © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press and the Society for Experimental Biology.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 June 2020
                : 27 August 2020
                : 20 November 2020
                : 19 November 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA);
                Funded by: National Marine Fisheries Service;
                Award ID: NA16NMF4390029
                Categories
                AcademicSubjects/SCI00840
                Research Article

                bearded seals,claws,cortisol,pregnancy,ringed seals,stable isotopes

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