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      Evaluation of bone density and hand grip strength in the course of drug treatment for osteoporosis : A real-world study Translated title: Evaluierung von Knochendichte und Handgriffkraft im Verlauf einer medikamentösen Osteoporosetherapie : Eine Real-World-Studie

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          Abstract

          Background

          The aim of this clinical investigation was to assess the physical performance in osteoporotic patients undergoing drug treatment (DT) for years by measuring hand grip strength (HGS) and bone mineral density (BMD). A further aim was to detect the time until the occurrence of vertebral fractures (VF) and influencing factors.

          Material and methods

          The investigation comprised 346 persons (276 women, 70 men) aged on average 66.9 ± 10.7 years with confirmed osteoporosis (OP). Over a mean period of 1384 ± 727 days, OP was assessed every 2 years, including a bone densitometry by dual X‑ray absorptiometry and HGS measurement. In subgroups OP patients were analyzed with and without a bone density (BMD) increase, and with and without VFs.

          Results

          Under DT, calcium and vitamin D substitution, the median T‑score improved in the entire group from −3.2 to −3.1 standard deviations (SD; p = 0.002). HGS was reduced (median) from 26 kg to 24 kg ( p < 0.001). The median interval until the occurrence of VF was 2652 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 1825.2–3478.8 days) and 1461 days (95% CI 1246.5–1675.5, p < 0.001) in those with and without a BMD increase, respectively.

          Discussion

          Guideline-based DT improves bone density and causes a longer interval without VF. The HGS falls independent of BMD. The association between bone and muscle in patients with a deterioration of the musculoskeletal system is known as osteosarcopenia. Early muscle exercises would be meaningful in this setting.

          Graphic abstract

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Das Ziel der vorliegenden klinischen Untersuchung war die Abschätzung der Leistungsfähigkeit des muskuloskeletalen Systems mittels Verlaufsmessung der Knochenmineraldichte („bone mineral density“ [BMD]) und Handgriffkraft (HGS) bei Osteoporose-PatientInnen unter medikamentöser osteologischer Therapie (MOT). Gleichzeitig sollen Aussagen über die Zeit bis zum Auftreten von Wirbelkörperfrakturen (WKF) gemacht und deren Einflussfaktoren evaluiert werden.

          Material und Methoden

          Insgesamt 346 Personen (276 Frauen/70 Männer) im Durchschnittsalter von 66,9 ± 10,7 Jahren mit gesicherter Osteoporose nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Über einen Zeitraum von durchschnittlich 1384 ± 727 Tagen erfolgte alle 2 Jahre ein Assessment inklusive Osteodensitometrie mittels „dual x‑ray absorptiometry“ (DEXA, GE Healthcare’s Lunar Prodigy, Aartselaar, Belgien) und einer HGS-Messung (Smedley-Dynamometer, Tokio, Japan). In Subgruppenanalysen wurden Osteoporose-PatientInnen mit und ohne BMD-Anstieg sowie mit und ohne WKF betrachtet.

          Ergebnisse

          Unter MOT einschließlich Kalzium und Vitamin-D-Substitution kam es im Verlauf zu einer Verbesserung des medianen T‑Score-Werts der Gesamtgruppe von −3,2 auf −3,1 Standardabweichungen (SD; p = 0,002). Gleichzeitig verringerte sich die HGS der Gesamtgruppe im Median von 26 auf 24 kg ( p < 0,001). Die Zeit bis zum Auftreten einer WKF betrug in der Gruppe mit BMD-Anstieg im Median 2652 Tage (95 % Konfidenzintervall [KI] 1825,2–3478,8 Tage) und 1461 Tage in der Gruppe ohne BMD-Anstieg (95 % KI 1246,5–1675,5, p < 0,001).

          Schlussfolgerung

          Die leitliniengerechte MOT führt zu einer Verbesserung der Knochendichtewerte und zu einer längeren WKF-freien Zeit. Unabhängig davon sinkt die HGS. Es gibt einen Zusammenhang zwischen Knochen und Muskulatur bei einer zunehmenden Verschlechterung des muskuloskeletalen Systems – Osteosarkopenie. Ein frühzeitiges Muskeltraining erscheint vor diesem Hintergrund sinnvoll.

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          Most cited references34

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          Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis

          Abstract Background in 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a sarcopenia definition that aimed to foster advances in identifying and caring for people with sarcopenia. In early 2018, the Working Group met again (EWGSOP2) to update the original definition in order to reflect scientific and clinical evidence that has built over the last decade. This paper presents our updated findings. Objectives to increase consistency of research design, clinical diagnoses and ultimately, care for people with sarcopenia. Recommendations sarcopenia is a muscle disease (muscle failure) rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime; sarcopenia is common among adults of older age but can also occur earlier in life. In this updated consensus paper on sarcopenia, EWGSOP2: (1) focuses on low muscle strength as a key characteristic of sarcopenia, uses detection of low muscle quantity and quality to confirm the sarcopenia diagnosis, and identifies poor physical performance as indicative of severe sarcopenia; (2) updates the clinical algorithm that can be used for sarcopenia case-finding, diagnosis and confirmation, and severity determination and (3) provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify and characterise sarcopenia. Conclusions EWGSOP2's updated recommendations aim to increase awareness of sarcopenia and its risk. With these new recommendations, EWGSOP2 calls for healthcare professionals who treat patients at risk for sarcopenia to take actions that will promote early detection and treatment. We also encourage more research in the field of sarcopenia in order to prevent or delay adverse health outcomes that incur a heavy burden for patients and healthcare systems.
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            Sarcopenia

            Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalised skeletal muscle disorder involving the accelerated loss of muscle mass and function that is associated with increased adverse outcomes including falls, functional decline, frailty, and mortality. It occurs commonly as an age-related process in older people, influenced not only by contemporaneous risk factors, but also by genetic and lifestyle factors operating across the life course. It can also occur in mid-life in association with a range of conditions. Sarcopenia has become the focus of intense research aiming to translate current knowledge about its pathophysiology into improved diagnosis and treatment, with particular interest in the development of biomarkers, nutritional interventions, and drugs to augment the beneficial effects of resistance exercise. Designing effective preventive strategies that people can apply during their lifetime is of primary concern. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of sarcopenia is likely to become part of routine clinical practice.
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              A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission.

              A short battery of physical performance tests was used to assess lower extremity function in more than 5,000 persons age 71 years and older in three communities. Balance, gait, strength, and endurance were evaluated by examining ability to stand with the feet together in the side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem positions, time to walk 8 feet, and time to rise from a chair and return to the seated position 5 times. A wide distribution of performance was observed for each test. Each test and a summary performance scale, created by summing categorical rankings of performance on each test, were strongly associated with self-report of disability. Both self-report items and performance tests were independent predictors of short-term mortality and nursing home admission in multivariate analyses. However, evidence is presented that the performance tests provide information not available from self-report items. Of particular importance is the finding that in those at the high end of the functional spectrum, who reported almost no disability, the performance test scores distinguished a gradient of risk for mortality and nursing home admission. Additionally, within subgroups with identical self-report profiles, there were systematic differences in physical performance related to age and sex. This study provides evidence that performance measures can validly characterize older persons across a broad spectrum of lower extremity function. Performance and self-report measures may complement each other in providing useful information about functional status.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                guido.schroeder1@gmx.net
                Journal
                Orthopadie (Heidelb)
                Orthopadie (Heidelb)
                Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany)
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                2731-7145
                2731-7153
                24 April 2023
                24 April 2023
                2023
                : 52
                : 12
                : 992-1004
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Clinic of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Warnow Klinik, Bützow, Germany
                [2 ]Clinic of Orthopedic‑, Trauma- and Restorative Surgery—Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.9764.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2153 9986, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology/Neuroradiology, , Westküstenklinikum Heide, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Universities of Kiel, Lübeck and Hamburg, ; Heide, Germany
                [4 ]GRID grid.10493.3f, ISNI 0000000121858338, Clinic of Internal Medicine IV, Klinikum Südstadt Rostock, , Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Rostock, ; Rostock, Germany
                Article
                4367
                10.1007/s00132-023-04367-5
                10692012
                37095182
                078e51d6-24a5-4cf4-b1d5-95cd7fafe5cc
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 7 February 2023
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                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2023

                dxa,older age,physical fitness,vertebral fracture,osteosarcopenia,höheres lebensalter,körperliche leistungsfähigkeit,wirbelkörperfraktur,osteosarkopenie

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