Success stories of COVID-19

Abstract

Corona pandemic has unfurled its wings to disrupt the healthcare system of developing as well as developed countries and created havoc among healthcare professionals. Today, there is an atmosphere of trepidation at the possibility of getting new cure against this dreadful virus. People are looking with anxious eyes toward scientists to develop a vaccine against this virus. Already killed thousands of lives, this virus is spreading at a pace of fire. Some healthcare professionals and researchers are working out of the way to develop a new vaccine, and some are targeting the existing drug approach. Several successful trials were performed on Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients involving existing drugs in combination till date. This case series underlined those successful case studies of COVID-19. Different combinational approaches have been adopted by researchers such as the use of tissue plasminogen activators, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and convalescent plasma therapy, intravenous immunoglobulins, antivirals drugs, antimalarials, antibiotics, interleukin antagonists, and corticosteroids to combat COVID-19. These therapies have corroborated to be constructive at some levels among individuals having a severe medical history as well as individuals without any profound medical history.

Main article text

Background

Coronavirus is a large family of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses evolved from several animal species. They are generally RNA viruses (single stranded) responsible for causing different respiratory diseases [1]. Tyrrell and Bynoe [2] described the first strain of coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization seeing the severity of infection and contagiousness [3]. SARS-CoV-2 has been proved to spread from human to human [4]. By controlling the source of infection, it can be prevented [5]. There are several ongoing therapies targeting the virus as shown in Figure 1. Extracorporeal therapies emerged as one of the treatments of this virus. This therapy constitutes plasma filtration, hemofiltration, hemoadsorption, and cell-based therapies [6]. Convalescent plasma therapy has also been used as a novel approach against this virus and proved effective in reducing symptoms and mortality [7]. In this immunotherapy, the plasma of donor (previously recovered patients of Coronavirus disease (COVID)) having antibodies transfused into COVID patient is used to fight against viruses, thereby helping to recover [8]. Recently, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) also emerged as an indispensable way to treat adults and children with pulmonary and cardiac dysfunction [9]. The latest advancements in ECMO involve spontaneous arteriovenous devices [10], and this technology is continuously improvising [11]. Several antiviral drugs, namely, remdesivir and favipiravir have shown their potential when tested against this virus [12]. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is another therapy that has been clinically proven to be effective in immunodeficient patients and showed encouraging results [13]. IVIg has found its place in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions accompanying COVID-19 [14], and remodeling in its manufacturing process is made to increase its clinical efficiency [15]. A serine protease [tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)] [16] recently proved to be productive against COVID-19 [17]. Plasminogen was used to improve the conditions of COVID-19 patients with lung lesions, hypoxemia, and such related conditions [18]. The tPA (intravenous thrombolytic treatment) is explicitly intended for severely ill patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [19,20]. Antibiotics such as azithromycin prevent to lower the respiratory tract illness [21]. Researchers are also exploring Teicoplanin (antibiotic) as a possible treatment of COVID-19 [22]. Micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) played a critical role in the management of COVID-19 [23,24]. Corticosteroids have also been tested against this SARS-CoV-2 infection and appeared promising [25]. Dexamethasone is recently emerged as another example in the class of corticosteroids which proved effective in reducing the mortality rate in COVID-19 [26]. Antimalarial drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) showed an improvement in some parameters in COVID-19 patients [27]. Monoclonal antibodies emerged as a prominent class to combat this viral infection [28]. Interleukin (IL) 6 receptor inhibitor (tocilizumab) is found to be effective in ceasing cytokine flood in COVID-19 patients [29]. Pegylated interferon (alfa-2a, 2b) already approved for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus and also explored as a remedy against COVID-19 [30]. In this case series, we underlined several successful stories of COVID-19 explaining the use of amalgamated drug approach (Table 1) and probable role (Table 2). A literature search was performed using the keyword “COVID-19 successful case study,” “case study of COVID-19,” and “recovery from corona” in different scientific databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to obtain data pertaining to triumphant case studies.

Figure 1.

Different approaches to combat COVID-19. tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator, IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulins, ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, IL: Interleukin.

Successful Case Studies of COVID-19

Various case studies mentioned herein this article describe only the overview of combinational therapy adopted depending on the patient medical condition. Detailed information about a particular case study can be accessed via reference mentioned.

Case study no. 1

A 60-year-old male having a medical history of multiple myeloma from China infected with COVID-19 was successfully treated with the use of tocilizumab (anti-IL-6 receptor antibody). The patient was administered tocilizumab (intravenously) after 8 days of hospitalization resulted in a gradual decrease in IL-6 levels [31].

Case study no. 2

A 23-year-old diabetic patient (type-II) working near Huanan Seafood Market, China, infected with COVID-19. During hospitalization, he was given meropenem, linezolid as antibiotics accompanying ganciclovir, and oseltamivir as antiviral drugs in addition to symptomatic treatment. He was recovered after 2 weeks of treatment [32].

Case study no. 3

Fontana et al. [33] accounted a successful case study of 61-year-old male having a previous medical history of chronic kidney disease (stage IIIa) with the administration of hydroxychloroquine, IVIg, and tocilizumab.

Case study no. 4

Zhu et al. [34] described the recovery of COVID-19 in a patient aged 52 years underwent renal transplant with methylprednisolone, IVIg, biapenem, pantoprazole, and interferon α. The patient was discharged after 13 days of hospitalization.

Case study no. 5

Liu et al. [35] also recorded a successful treatment of 50-year-old liver transplant recipient COVID-19 patient with combinational oxygen therapy along with antiviral (umifenovir and lopinavir/ritonavir), systemic corticosteroid (methylprednisolone), antibiotic (cefoperazone), IVIg, and α- interferon.

Case study no. 6

Mathies et al. [36] successfully reported a 77-year-old heart patient case study from Germany infected with SARS-CoV-2 with antimalarial (hydroxychloroquine), antibiotics (piperacillin/tazobactum and cotrimoxazole), and antiviral (ganciclovir) therapy.

Case study no. 7

Anderson et al. [37] recently described the use of convalescent plasma therapy, antibiotic (azithromycin), hydroxychloroquine, glucocorticoid with hydrocortisone, and antiviral drug (remdesivir) in management of a 35-year-old obstetric COVID-19 patient.

Table 1.

The successful case studies of COVID-19 survivors.

BOTANICAL NAME	FAMILY	ANTIVIRAL COMPOUND	ACTIVE AGAINST VIRUS	REFERENCE
G. glabra	Leguminosae	Glycyrrhizin	SARS-associated virus	[75]
F. viridissima	Oleaceae	Dimeric lignans	Coxsackievirus rhinovirus 1B B3, human	[76]
A. membranaceus	Fabaceae	Aqueous extract and methanol	Influenza virus	[77]
Sophora flavescens	Fabaceae	Matrine-type alkaloids	HBV	[78]
E. ebracteolata	Euphorbiaceae	Ent-atisane type diterpenoids	Human rhinovirus	[79]
Eupatorium chinense	Asteraceae	Benzofurans	Syncytial virus	[80]
P. sidoides	Geraniaceae	Prodelphinidin rich extract	Influenza virus	[81]
Alchemilla vulgaris	Rosaceae	Ethylacetate extract	Ectromelia viruses	[82]
Ilex asprella	Aquifoliaceae	Sulfur-triterpenoid containing saponins	Herpes simplex virus	[83]
Saururus chinensis	Saururaceae	Ethyl acetate extract	Epstein-Barr virus	[84]
Maytenus imbricata	Celastraceae	Proanthocyanidin	Mayaro virus	[85]
I. indigotica	Brassicaceae	Bisindole alkaloids	Influenza virus, coxsackievirus B3	[86]
Illicium oligandrum	Schisandraceae	Spirooliganones	Coxsackievirus B3, influenza virus A	[87]
B. var. marginatum stenophyllum	Apiaceae	Saikosaponins	Influenza virus	[88]
Aloe hijazensis	Liliaceae	Anthraquinones	Avian avian paramyxovirus influenza virus type-type A 1,	[89]
Illicium jiadifengpi	Schisandraceae	Sesquiterpenes	Coxsackievirus B3	[90]
R. nasutus	Acanthaceae	Naphthoquinone	Rhinovirus	[91]
Erycibe obtusifolia	Convolvulaceae	Quinic acid derivatives	Respiratory syncytial virus	[92]
P. ginseng	Araliaceae	Aqueous extract	Influenza A virus	[93]
Wikstroemia indica	Thymelaeaceae	Biflavonoid	Respiratory syncytial virus	[94]
Scutellaria baicalensis	Lamiaceae	Flavonoids	Influenza A virus	[95]
Alangium chinense	Cornaceae	Sesquiterpenes	Coxsackievirus B3	[96]
Ziziphus jujuba	Rhamnaceae	Cyclopeptide alkaloids	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus	[97]
I. indigotica	Brassicaceae	Indole alkaloid	Influenza virus A	[98]
P. lactiflora	Paeoniaceae	Paeonol O-galloyl-and β-D-1,2,3,4,6glucopyranose -penta-	Human rhinovirus	[99]
Pueraria lobata	Fabaceae	Isoflavones, saponins	HIV-1 virus	[100]
S. flavescens	Fabaceae	Alkaloids	HBV	[101]

Although all the above cases of COVID-19 patients mentioned as case study no. 1 to 40 in Table 1 responded well when treated with requisite combination drug approach/therapy, but it still needs more clinical validation due to limited sample size.

Table 2.

Associated role (probable) of drugs/therapy documented in case studies [17, 31–61]

CLASS OF DRUG/THERAPY	DRUG/THERAPY	PROBABLE ROLE
Aldose reductase inhibitor	AT-001	Aldehyde reductase inhibitor
	Ampicillin	An irreversible inhibitor of transpeptidase
	Azithromycin	Protein synthesis inhibitor
	Biapenem, vancomycin, cefazolin, piperacillin cefdinir ceftriaxone,	Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Antibiotics	Cefoperazone, sulbactam, tazobactam	β-lactamase inhibitor
	Clarithromycin, linezolid	Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
	Cotrimoxazole	Blockade of folic acid
	Levofloxacin, moxifloxacin	DNA gyrase inhibitor
Antimalarials	Chloroquine	Prevent viral entry
	Hydroxychloroquine	Interfere with lysosomal activity and autophagy
	Arbidiol (umifenovir)	Antiviral (blocking trimerization of spike glycoprotein)
	Darunavir	Antiretroviral medication
Antiviral drugs	Favipiravir Ganciclovir	Inhibits viral RNA polymerase DNA polymerase inhibitor
	Lopinavir/ritonavir	Blocks viral cellular entry
	Oseltamivir, remdesivir	Inhibitor of viral replication
Corticosteroids	Ciclesonide, methylprednisolone dexamethasone,	Immunosuppressant
Granulocyte factor colony-stimulating	Fligrastim	Regulates production of neutrophils
Interferon	Peginterferon alfa 2a	Block viral replication inside cells
IL receptor inhibitor	Tocilizumab	IL-6 inhibitor
	Anakinra	IL-1 inhibitor
Micronutrient	Zinc	Maintaining the immune system function
Proton pump inhibitor	Pantoprazole	Inhibit gastric acid secretion
Tissue plasminogen activator	Alteplase	Thrombolytic agent
Vitamin	C (Ascorbic acid)	Antioxidant
Convalescent plasma therapy	Antibodies patient transfused from the to blood the infected of recovered patient	Reducing cytokine storm
ECMO	Works as an artificial lung (oxygenator)
IVIg	Exert immunomodulatory action by acting on different components of immune systems
Oxygen therapy	Use of oxygen as a medical treatment

Case study no. 8

Lanza et al. [38] noted the recovery of a 42-year-old female patient with an earlier medical concern of hypothyroidism with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and IVIg treatment.

Case study no. 9

Wang and Hu [39] accounted a recovery of 62-year-old male with a novel approach of extracorporeal blood purification (EBP). The patient was discharged on the 38^th day from hospital.

Case study no. 10

Wang et al. [17] employed tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) for COVID-19-related ARDS in a 59-year-old female having a previous medical history of hypertension from the USA.

Case study no. 11

Nakamura et al. [40] elaborated the recovery of a 45-year-old male from Japan with ECMO in combination with antiviral therapy (lopinavir/ritonavir). The patient was discharged on the 24^th day from the hospital.

Case study no. 12

Tavazzi et al. [41] described a case study of a 69-year-old male resident of Italy having infected with COVID-19 with venous arterial ECMO.

Case study no. 13

Firstenberg et al. [42] recorded the use of ECMO in a 51-year-old female for successful treatment. The patient was discharged to rehabilitation on the 28^th day.

Case study no. 14

Filocamo et al. [43] manifested the use of anti-IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) treatment in a 50-year-old male diagnosed with COVID-19. The patient was discharged on the 29^th day from the hospital.

Case study no. 15, 16, and 17

Iwabuchi et al. [44] explained the recovery of three mild-to-mid stage COVID-19 patients with repeated use of inhaled corticosteroid (ciclesonide).

Case study no. 18 and 19

Ahn et al. [45] reported the recovery of two corona patients with an amalgamated approach of lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, and plasma therapy.

Case no. 20, 21, and 22

Cao et al. [46] described the case studies of three COVID-19 patients recovered using a high dose of IVIg.

Case study no. 23

Millañ-Oñate et al. [47] described a recovery of a class-II obesity patient infected with COVID from Colombia with chloroquine and clarithromycin combinational therapy accompanying nutritional support.

Case study no. 24 and 25

Spezzani et al. [48] used amalgamated drug therapy for the successful recovery of married couple case suffering from COVID-19 infection.

Case study no. 26

Jahan et al. [49] represented a case of a 34-year-old male diagnosed with COVID-19 successfully treated with chloroquine and azithromycin. The patient was discharged on the 12^th day from the hospital.

Case study no. 27

Coyle et al. [50] manifested a case of a 57-year-old male having the previous condition of hypertension was recovered by conjunction therapy of anti-malarial (hydroxychloroquine), antibiotics (azithromycin and ceftriaxone), corticosteroids (methylprednisolone), monoclonal antibody (tocilizumab), and aldose reductase inhibitor (AT-001). The patient was relieved from the hospital on day 19.

Case study no. 28, 29, 30, and 31

Finzi [51] proclaimed four case studies (different age groups) of the USA interestingly treated with oral administration of a high dose of zinc salts. This is an uncontrolled study, in which zinc lozenges were found to be effective in reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

Case study no. 32, 33, and 34

Lababidi et al. [52] described the recovery of three COVID-19 patients with combinational antiviral drugs (darunavir, ritonavir, and favipiravir), antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine), and peginterferon alfa 2a.

Case study no. 35

Bemtgen et al. [53] explained the recovery of a 52-year-old male by the combination of ECMO and percutaneous ventricular assist device (PVAD).

Case study no. 36 and 37

Wang et al. [54] described the recovery of two COVID-19 patients having mild symptoms of pneumonia from China with an amalgamated approach of oxygen therapy mechanical ventilation, antivirals, antibiotics, and a traditional Chinese medicine.

Case study no. 38 and 39

Ke et al. [55] represented a case study of two COVID-19 patients via blood purification technique.

Case study no. 40

Hartman et al. [56] showed the recovery of a 44-year-old male patient having the previous condition of hypertension with venovenous ECMO together with monoclonal antibody (tocilizumab) and high dose of vitamin C.

Other Alternative Approach

Several claims have been made in different alternative systems of medicine to treat COVID-19.

Huang et al. [62] reviewed several natural compounds (quercetin, andrographolide, glycyrrhizin, luteolin, emodin, and hesperidin curcumin) derived from plants with emphasis on Traditional Chinese System of Medicine targeting against SARS-COV-2. Nikhat and Fazil [63] described several Unani medicines as a preventive care in COVID-19. Tillu et al. [64] elaborated several methods as per Ayurvedic text in the prophylaxis of this virus. Kiran et al. [65] noted in silico screening of a Siddha formulation (Kabasura Kudineer) against COVID-19. Basu et al. [66] discussed several repurposed Homeopathic medicines in the management of SARS-COV-2. Keil et al. [67] recorded the use of ultraviolet light and riboflavin in the inactivation of coronavirus in plasma and platelet products via photochemical treatment. The use of ultraviolet light in air disinfection has also been explored as an approach to control the transmission of COVID-19 [68].

Nutritional support, in addition to various therapies for COVID-19, helps to boost early recovery and improvised immunity. Overall, it acts as a support system in virus treatment [69,70].

The concept of Universal antiviral vaccine [71], use of stem cell technology [72,73], and JAK (Janus kinase-signal transducer) inhibitors as an alternative approach for the treatment of this pandemic seems very promising [74].

Discussion and Author’s Perspective

Substantial efforts made by scientists and scholars all over the world in searching for the permanent remedy against this pandemic is highly appreciable, and we (humans) are very near in finding a ubiquitous solution. Plants have always been a source of inspiration for humans in drug discovery for years. They are eternally explored for their therapeutic potential. A large number of antiviral phytoconstituents present in plants might become suitable drug targets for Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 treatment. We are trying to highlight some of the plants exhibiting diverse antiviral properties with an emphasis on root part. There are many examples of roots as shown in Table 3 having antiviral properties such as Glycyrrhiza glabra which is found to be active against SARS-associated virus [75]. Astragalus membranaceus [77], Pelargonium sidoides [81], Isatis indigotica [86], Bupleurum marginatum [88], Panax ginseng [93], and I. indigotica [98] are proven to be competent against influenza virus. Forsythia viridissima [76], Euphorbia ebracteolata [79], Rhinacanthus nasutus [91], and Paeonia lactiflora exhibited a potential against rhinovirus [99]. Keeping in view the therapeutic potential of antiviral roots, these might serve as probable candidates to counter this dreadful virus.

Table 3.

Examples of antiviral roots

BOTANICAL NAME	FAMILY	ANTIVIRAL COMPOUND	ACTIVE AGAINST VIRUS	REFERENCE
G. glabra	Leguminosae	Glycyrrhizin	SARS-associated virus	[75]
F. viridissima	Oleaceae	Dimeric lignans	Coxsackievirus rhinovirus 1B B3, human	[76]
A. membranaceus	Fabaceae	Aqueous extract and methanol	Influenza virus	[77]
Sophora flavescens	Fabaceae	Matrine-type alkaloids	HBV	[78]
E. ebracteolata	Euphorbiaceae	Ent-atisane type diterpenoids	Human rhinovirus	[79]
Eupatorium chinense	Asteraceae	Benzofurans	Syncytial virus	[80]
P. sidoides	Geraniaceae	Prodelphinidin rich extract	Influenza virus	[81]
Alchemilla vulgaris	Rosaceae	Ethylacetate extract	Ectromelia viruses	[82]
Ilex asprella	Aquifoliaceae	Sulfur-triterpenoid containing saponins	Herpes simplex virus	[83]
Saururus chinensis	Saururaceae	Ethyl acetate extract	Epstein-Barr virus	[84]
Maytenus imbricata	Celastraceae	Proanthocyanidin	Mayaro virus	[85]
I. indigotica	Brassicaceae	Bisindole alkaloids	Influenza virus, coxsackievirus B3	[86]
Illicium oligandrum	Schisandraceae	Spirooliganones	Coxsackievirus B3, influenza virus A	[87]
B. var. marginatum stenophyllum	Apiaceae	Saikosaponins	Influenza virus	[88]
Aloe hijazensis	Liliaceae	Anthraquinones	Avian avian paramyxovirus influenza virus type-type A 1,	[89]
Illicium jiadifengpi	Schisandraceae	Sesquiterpenes	Coxsackievirus B3	[90]
R. nasutus	Acanthaceae	Naphthoquinone	Rhinovirus	[91]
Erycibe obtusifolia	Convolvulaceae	Quinic acid derivatives	Respiratory syncytial virus	[92]
P. ginseng	Araliaceae	Aqueous extract	Influenza A virus	[93]
Wikstroemia indica	Thymelaeaceae	Biflavonoid	Respiratory syncytial virus	[94]
Scutellaria baicalensis	Lamiaceae	Flavonoids	Influenza A virus	[95]
Alangium chinense	Cornaceae	Sesquiterpenes	Coxsackievirus B3	[96]
Ziziphus jujuba	Rhamnaceae	Cyclopeptide alkaloids	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus	[97]
I. indigotica	Brassicaceae	Indole alkaloid	Influenza virus A	[98]
P. lactiflora	Paeoniaceae	Paeonol O-galloyl-and β-D-1,2,3,4,6glucopyranose -penta-	Human rhinovirus	[99]
Pueraria lobata	Fabaceae	Isoflavones, saponins	HIV-1 virus	[100]
S. flavescens	Fabaceae	Alkaloids	HBV	[101]

Conclusion and Take Home Message

A lack of vaccine against COVID-19 resulted in the use of varying amalgamated drug therapies for treating this slayer virus. The rise of novel strategies on existing drugs opens new gates in antiviral drug discovery. The case studies of COVID-19 survivors mentioned in this paper will boost researchers working in this field and also motivates scholars working on different aspects of this virus. This petite case series encompasses around 40 triumphantly case studies that will definitely reflect the current achievements in controlling the pandemic all over the world. Although all cases of COVID-19 patients mentioned herein this article as case study no. 1-40 responded well when treated with requisite combination drug approach/therapy, it still needs further clinical and scientific validation due to insubstantial sample size.

What is new?

This article describes case series of COVID-19 survivors treated successfully via amalgamated drug therapies and different approaches adopted by physicians depending upon the patient medical condition associated with this virus. The literature pertaining to antiviral plants (roots) as probable candidate against COVID-19 mentioned herein this article may prove to curb the menace virus.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all Physicians, Healthcare Workers, Scientists, and Scholar’s working day and night to combat COVID-19.

List of Abbreviations

ARDS	Acute respiratory distress syndrome
AT-001	Aldose reductase inhibitor
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease
CVVHDF	Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration
EBP	Extracorporeal blood purification
ECMO	Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
HBV	Hepatitis B virus
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus
IL	Interleukin
IVIg	Intravenous immunoglobulin
PVAD	Percutaneous ventricular assist device
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
SARS-CoV-2	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
tPA	Tissue plasminogen activator
VV-ECMO	Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

References

1. Perlman S, Netland J.. Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009. Vol. 7(6):439–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147

2. Tyrrell DA, Bynoe ML.. Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients with colds. Lancet. 1966. Vol. 1(7428):76–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(66)92364-6

3. Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, et al.. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13091

4. Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R.. COVID-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020. Vol. 24:91–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005

5. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C, Sun W, Pan B.. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol. 2020. Vol. 92(6):548–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25722

6. Venkataraman R, Subramanian S, Kellum JA.. Clinical review: extracorporeal blood purification in severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2003. Vol. 7(2):139–45. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1889

7. Rajendran K, Narayanasamy K, Rangarajan J, Rathinam J, Natarajan M, Ramachandran A.. Convalescent plasma transfusion for the treatment of COVID-19: systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25961

8. Bloch EM, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Sachais BS, Shaz B, Winters JL, et al.. Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020. Vol. 130(6):2757–65. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI138745

9. Makdisi G, Wang IW.. Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) review of a lifesaving technology. J Thor Dis. 2015. Vol. 7(7):E166–76

10. Mielck F, Quintel M.. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005. Vol. 11(1):87–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/00075198-200502000-00014

11. Butt W, MacLaren G.. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 2016. : an update. F1000Res. 2016. Vol. 5: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8320.1

12. Dong L, Hu S, Gao J.. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019. (COVID-19). Drug Discov Ther. 2020. Feb 29;Vol. 14(1):58–60. https://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2020.01012

13. Hartung HP, Mouthon L, Ahmed R, Jordan S, Laupland KB, Jolles S.. Clinical applications of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg)-beyond immunodeficiencies and neurology. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009. Vol. 158:23–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04024.x

14. Durandy A, Kaveri SV, Kuijpers TW, Basta M, Miescher S, Ravetch JV, et al.. Intravenous immunoglobulins-understanding properties and mechanisms. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009. Vol. 158:2–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04022.x

15. Hooper JA.. Intravenous immunoglobulins: evolution of commercial IVIg preparations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2008. Vol. 28(4):765–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2008.06.002

16. Liu S, Feng X, Jin R, Li G.. Tissue plasminogen activator-based nanothrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2018. Vol. 15(2):173–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2018.1384464

17. Wang J, Hajizadeh N, Moore EE, McIntyre RC, Moore PK, Veress LA, et al.. Tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) treatment for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a case series. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14828

18. Wu Y, Wang T, Guo C, Zhang D, Ge X, Huang Z, et al.. Plasminogen improves lung lesions and hypoxemia in patients with COVID-19. QJM. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3552628

19. Whyte CS, Morrow GB, Mitchell JL, Chowdary P, Mutch NJ.. Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14872

20. Choudhury R, Barrett CD, Moore HB, Moore EE, McIntyre RC, Moore PK, et al.. Salvage use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 in the USA: a Markov decision analysis. World J Emerg Surg. 2020. Vol. 15(1):29 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-020-00305-4

21. Bacharier LB, Guilbert TW, Mauger DT, Boehmer S, Beigelman A, Fitzpatrick AM, et al.. Early administration of azithromycin and prevention of severe lower respiratory tract illnesses in preschool children with a history of such illnesses: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015. Vol. 314(19):2034–44. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.13896

22. Baron SA, Devaux C, Colson P, Raoult D, Rolain JM.. Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of coronavirus COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. Vol. 105944(10.1016): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944

23. Kumar A, Kubota Y, Chernov M, Kasuya H.. Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses. 2020. Vol. 144:109848 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109848

24. Rahman MT, Idid SZ.. Can Zn be a critical element in COVID-19 treatment? Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9

25. Kumar K, Hinks TS, Singanayagam A.. Treatment of COVID-19 exacerbated asthma: should systemic corticosteroids be used? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020. Vol. 318(6):L1244–47

26. Ledford H.. Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives [published online ahead of print, 2020. Jun 16]. Nature. 2020. Vol. 582(7813):469 https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01824-5

27. Singh AK, Singh A, Shaikh A, Singh R, Misra A.. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: a systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020. Vol. 14(3):241–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011

28. Shanmugaraj B, Siriwattananon K, Wangkanont K, Phoolcharoen W.. Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for corona-virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020. Vol. 38(1):10–8

29. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ.. The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020. Vol. 55(5):105954 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954

30. Li G, De Clercq E.. Therapeutic options for the 2019. novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020. Vol. 19(3):149-150

31. Zhang X, Song K, Tong F, Fei M, Guo H, Lu Z, et al.. First case of COVID-19 in a patient with multiple myeloma successfully treated with tocilizumab. Blood Adv. 2020. Vol. 4(7):1307 https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001907

32. Han X, Fan Y, Wan YL, Shi H.. A diabetic patient with 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) infection who recovered and was discharged from hospital. J Thorac Imaging. 2020. Vol. 35(3):W94–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/RTI.0000000000000506

33. Fontana F, Alfano G, Mori G, Amurri A, Tei L, Ballestri M, et al.. Covid-19 pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient successfully treated with tocilizumab and hydroxychloroquine. Am J Transplant. 2020. l;Vol. 20(7):1902–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15935

34. Zhu L, Xu X, Ma KE, Yang J, Guan H, Chen S, et al.. Successful recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a renal transplant recipient with long-term immunosuppression. Am J Transplant. 2020. Vol. 20(7):1859–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15869

35. Liu B, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Shi H, Zeng F, Chen Z.. Successful treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a liver transplant recipient. Am J Transplant. 2020. Vol. 20(7):1891–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15901

36. Mathies D, Rauschning D, Wagner U, Mueller F, Maibaum M, Binnemann C, et al.. A case of SARS-CoV-2-pneumonia with successful antiviral therapy in a 77-year-old male with heart transplant. Am J Transplant. 2020. Vol. 20(7):1925–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15932

37. Anderson J, Schauer J, Bryant S, Graves CR.. The use of convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir in the successful management of a critically ill obstetric patient with novel coronavirus 2019. infection: a case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020. Vol. 27:e00221 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00221

38. Lanza M, Polistina GE, Imitazione P, Annunziata A, Di Spirito V, Novella C, et al.. Successful intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. IDCases. 2020. Vol. 21:e00794 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00794

39. Wang Q, Hu Z.. Successful recovery of severe COVID-19 with cytokine storm treating with extracorporeal blood purification. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. Vol. 96:618–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.065

40. Nakamura K, Hikone M, Shimizu H, Kuwahara Y, Tanabe M, Kobayashi M, et al.. A sporadic COVID-19 pneumonia treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Tokyo, Japan: a case report. J Infect Chemother. 2020. Vol. 26(7):756–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2020.03.018

41. Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, et al.. Myocardial localization of corona-virus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020. Vol. 22(5):911–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1828

42. Firstenberg MS, Stahel PF, Hanna J, Kotaru C, Crossno J, Forrester J.. Successful COVID-19 rescue therapy by extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for respiratory failure: a case report. Patient Saf Surg. 2020. Vol. 14(1):17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-020-00245-7

43. Filocamo G, Mangioni D, Tagliabue P, Aliberti S, Costantino G, Minoia F, et al.. Use of anakinra in severe COVID-19: a case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. Vol. 96:607–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.026

44. Iwabuchi K, Yoshie K, Kurakami Y, Takahashi K, Kato Y, Morishima T.. Therapeutic potential of ciclesonide inahalation for COVID-19 pneumonia: report of three cases. J Infect Chemother. 2020. Vol. 26(6):625–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2020.04.007

45. Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, et al.. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020. Vol. 35(14):e149. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e149

46. Cao W, Liu X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, et al.. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020. Vol. 7(3):ofaa102 https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa102

47. Millán-Oñate J, Millan W, Mendoza LA, Sánchez CG, Fernandez-Suarez H, Bonilla-Aldana DK, et al.. Successful recovery of COVID-19 pneumonia in a patient from Colombia after receiving chloroquine and clarithromycin. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020. Vol. 19(1):1-9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-020-00358-y

48. Spezzani V, Piunno A, Iselin HU.. Benign COVID-19 in an immunocompromised cancer patient-the case of a married couple. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020. Vol. 150(1516):w20246 https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20246

49. Jahan Y, Rahman S, Rahman A.. COVID-19: A case report from Bangladesh perspective. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020. Vol. 30:101068 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101068

50. Coyle J, Igbinomwanhia E, Sanchez-Nadales A, Danciu S, Chu C, Shah N.. A recovered case of COVID-19 myocarditis and ARDS treated with corticosteroids, tocilizumab, and experimental AT-001. JACC Case Rep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.025

51. Finzi E.. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with high dose oral zinc salts: a report on four patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.006

52. El-Lababidi RM, Mooty M, Bonilla MF, Salem NM.. Treatment of severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 with peginterferon alfa 2a. IDCases. 2020. Vol. 21:e00837 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00837

53. Bemtgen X, Krüger K, Supady A, Duerschmied D, Schibilsky D, Bamberg F, et al.. First successful treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. induced refractory cardiogenic plus vasoplegic shock by combination of percutaneous ventricular assist device and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case report. Asaio J. 2020. Vol. 66(6):607–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0000000000001178

54. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W.. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019. novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020. Vol. 14(1):64–8. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01030

55. Ke C, Wang Y, Zeng X, Yang C, Hu Z.. 2019. novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in hemodialysis patients: a report of two cases. Clin Biochem. 2020. Vol. 81:9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.04.008

56. Hartman ME, Hernandez RA, Patel K, Wagner TE, Trinh T, Lipke AB, et al.. COVID-19 respiratory failure: targeting inflammation on VV-ECMO support. ASAIO J. 2020. Vol. 66(6):603–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0000000000001177

57. Tripathi KD.. Essentials of medical pharmacology. London, UK: JP Medical Ltd. 2013 Sep 30. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12256

58. Haviernik J, Štefánik M, Fojtíková M, Kali S, Tordo N, Rudolf I, et al.. Arbidol (umifenovir): a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits medically important arthropod-borne flaviviruses. Viruses. 2018. Vol. 10(4):184 https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040184

59. Carr AC.. A new clinical trial to test high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020. Vol. 24(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02851-4

60. Roback JD, Guarner J.. Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: possibilities and challenges. JAMA. 2020. Vol. 323(16):1561–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4940

61. Dale DC, Crawford J, Klippel Z, Reiner M, Osslund T, Fan E, et al.. A systematic literature review of the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of filgrastim. Support Care Cancer. 2018. Vol. 26(1):7–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3854-x

62. Huang F, Li Y, Leung EL, Liu X, Liu K, Wang Q, et al.. A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19). Pharmacol Res. 2020. Vol. 158:104929 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104929

63. Nikhat S, Fazil M.. Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine. Sci Total Environ. 2020. Vol. 728:138859 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138859

64. Tillu G, Chaturvedi S, Chopra A, Patwardhan B.. Public health approach of Ayurveda and Yoga for COVID-19 prophylaxis. J Altern Complement Med. 2020. Vol. 26(5):360–4. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0129

65. Kiran G, Karthik L, Devi S, Sathiyarajeswaran P, Kanakavalli K, Kumar KM, et al.. In silico computational screening of kabasura kudineer-official Siddha formulation and JACOM against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.05.009

66. Basu N, Das BC, Tandon S.. Interim management of COVID-19 by repurposed homeopathic medicines. Homeopathy. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713004

67. Keil SD, Ragan I, Yonemura S, Hartson L, Dart NK, Bowen R.. Inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in plasma and platelet products using a riboflavin and ultraviolet light-based photochemical treatment. Vox Sang. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12937

68. Ren Y, Li L, Jia YM.. New method to reduce covid-19 transmission-the need for medical air disinfection is now. J Med Syst. 2020. Vol. 44(7):119 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01585-8

69. Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A.. COVID-19: the inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation. Nutrients. 2020. Vol. 12(5):1466 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051466

70. Anderson L.. Providing nutritional support for the patient with COVID-19. Br J Nurs. 2020. Vol. 29(8):458–9. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.8.458

71. Har-Noy M, Or R.. Allo-priming as a universal anti-viral vaccine: protecting elderly from current COVID-19 and any future unknown viral outbreak. J Transl Med. 2020. Vol. 18:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02363-3

72. Golchin A, Seyedjafari E, Ardeshirylajimi A.. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for COVID-19: present or future. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2020. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-09973-w

73. Orleans LA, is Vice H, Manchikanti L.. Expanded umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy in managing critically ill COVID-19 patients: the case for compassionate use. Pain Physician. 2020. Vol. 23:E71–83

74. Seif F, Aazami H, Khoshmirsafa M, Kamali M, Mohsenzadegan M, Pornour M, et al.. JAK inhibition as a new treatment strategy for patients with COVID-19. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2020. Vol. 181(6):467–75. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508247

75. Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW.. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet. 2003. Vol. 361(9374):2045–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X

76. Huh J, Song JH, Kim SR, Cho HM, Ko HJ, Yang H, et al.. Lignan dimers from Forsythia viridissimaroots and their antiviral effects. J Nat Prod. 2019. Vol. 82(2):232–8

77. Khan HM, Raza SM, Anjum AA, Ali MA, Akbar H.. Antiviral, embryo toxic and cytotoxic activities of Astragalus membranaceusroot extracts. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019. Vol. 32(1):137–42

78. Zhang YB, Luo D, Yang L, Cheng W, He LJ, Kuang GK, et al.. Matrine-type alkaloids from the roots of Sophora flavescensand their antiviral activities against the hepatitis B virus. J Nat Prod. 2018. Vol. 81(10):2259–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00576

79. Wang B, Wei Y, Zhao X, Tian X, Ning J, Zhang B, et al.. Unusual ent-atisane type diterpenoids with 2-oxopropyl skeleton from the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolataand their antiviral activity against human rhinovirus 3 and enterovirus 71. Bioorg Chem. 2018. Vol. 81:234–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.029

80. Wang WJ, Wang L, Liu Z, Jiang RW, Liu ZW, Li MM, et al.. Antiviral benzofurans from Eupatorium chinense . Phytochemistry. 2016. Vol. 122:238–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.11.013

81. Theisen LL, Muller CP.. EPs® 7630. (Umckaloabo®), an extract from Pelargonium sidoidesroots, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 2012. Vol. 94(2):147–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.03.006

82. Filippova EI.. Antiviral activity of lady’s mantle (Alchemilla vulgarisL.) extracts against orthopoxviruses. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017. Vol. 163(3):374–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-017-3807-x

83. Zhou M, Xu M, Ma XX, Zheng K, Yang K, Yang CR, et al.. Antiviral triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Ilex asprella . Planta Med. 2012. Vol. 78(15):1702–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1315209

84. Cui H, Xu B, Wu T, Xu J, Yuan Y, Gu Q.. Potential antiviral lignans from the roots of Saururus chinensiswith activity against Epstein-Barr virus lytic replication. J Nat Prod. 2014. Vol. 77(1):100–10. https://doi.org/10.1021/np400757k

85. Ferraz AC, Moraes TD, da Cruz Nizer WS, dos Santos M, Tótola AH, Ferreira JM, et al.. virucidal activity of proanthocyanidin against Mayaro virus. Antiviral Res. 2019. Vol. 168:76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.008

86. Liu YF, Chen MH, Guo QL, Lin S, Xu CB, Jiang YP, et al.. Antiviral glycosidic bisindole alkaloids from the roots of Isatis indigotica . J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2015. Vol. 17(7):689–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2015.1055729

87. Ma SG, Gao RM, Li YH, Jiang JD, Gong NB, Li L, et al.. Antiviral spirooliganones A and B with unprecedented skeletons from the roots of Illicium oligandrum . Org Lett. 2013. Vol. 15(17):4450–3. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol401992s

88. Fang W, Yang YJ, Guo BL, Cen S.. Anti-influenza triterpenoid saponins (saikosaponins) from the roots of Bupleurum marginatumvar. stenophyllum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2017. Vol. 27(8):1654–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.015

89. Abd-Alla HI, Abu-Gabal NS, Hassan AZ, El-Safty MM, Shalaby NM.. Antiviral activity of Aloe hijazensisagainst some haemagglutinating viruses infection and its phytoconstituents. Arch Pharm Res. 2012. Aug 1;Vol. 35(8):1347–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-0804-5

90. Zhang G, Zhuang P, Wang X, Yu S, Ma S, Qu J, et al.. Sesquiterpenes from the roots of Illicium jiadifengpi . Planta Med. 2013. Vol. 79(12):1056–62. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1328768

91. Ngoc TM, Phuong NT, Khoi NM, Park S, Kwak HJ, Nhiem NX, et al.. A new naphthoquinone analogue and antiviral constituents from the root of Rhinacanthus nasutus . Nat Prod Res. 2019. Vol. 33(3):360–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1452004

92. Fan L, Wang Y, Liang N, Huang XJ, Li MM, Fan CL, et al.. Chemical constituents from the roots and stems of Erycibe obtusifoliaand their in vitroantiviral activity. Planta Med. 2013. Vol. 79(16):1558–64. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1350804

93. Sreekanth TV, Nagajyothi PC, Muthuraman P, Enkhtaivan G, Vattikuti SV, Tettey CO, et al.. Ultra-sonication-assisted silver nanoparticles using Panax ginsengroot extract and their anti-cancer and antiviral activities. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2018. Vol. 188:6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.08.013

94. Huang WH, Zhou GX, Wang GC, Chung HY, Ye WC, Li YL.. A new biflavonoid with antiviral activity from the roots of Wikstroemia indica . J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2012. Vol. 14(4):401–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.653963

95. Zhi HJ, Zhu HY, Zhang YY, Lu Y, Li H, Chen DF.. In vivo effect of quantified flavonoids-enriched extract of Scutellaria baicalensisroot on acute lung injury induced by influenza A virus. Phytomedicine. 2019. Vol. 57:105–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.009

96. Zhang Y, Liu YB, Li Y, Ma SG, Li L, Qu J, et al.. Sesquiterpenes and alkaloids from the roots of Alangium chinense . J Nat Prod. 2013. Vol. 76(6):1058–63. https://doi.org/10.1021/np4000747

97. Kang KB, Ming G, Kim GJ, Choi H, Oh WK, Sung SH.. Jubanines F-J, cyclopeptide alkaloids from the roots of Ziziphus jujuba . Phytochemistry. 2015. Vol. 119:90–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.09.001

98. Liu YF, Chen MH, Lin S, Li YH, Zhang D, Jiang JD, et al.. Indole alkaloid glucosides from the roots of Isatis indigotica . J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2016. Vol. 18(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2015.1117452

99. Ngan LT, Jang MJ, Kwon MJ, Ahn YJ.. Antiviral activity and possible mechanism of action of constituents identified in Paeonia lactifloraroot toward human rhinoviruses. PLoS One. 2015. Vol. 10(4):e0121629 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121629

100. Mediouni S, Jablonski JA, Tsuda S, Richard A, Kessing C, Andrade MV, et al.. Potent suppression of HIV-1 cell attachment by Kudzu root extract. Retrovirology. 2018. Vol. 15(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-018-0446-x

101. Yang H, Zhou Z, He L, Ma H, Qu W, Yin J, et al.. Hepatoprotective and inhibiting HBV effects of polysaccharides from roots of Sophora flavescens . Int J Biol Macromol. 2018. Vol. 108:744–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.171