Phyto-nanotechnology: Current status, Challenges, and leads for future

Nanoparticle-based studies in plants have a history of around two decades. The current spike in Phyto-nanotechnology is due to its potential to address the challenges of global food security. Nanoparticle (NP) uptake and translocation in plants are relatively well studied. From the Nano-Agri products like biosensors and nanocarriers to the acceleration of adaption of plants towards changing climate, NPs hold a bright future for next-generation agriculture. However, despite significant progress, commercialization of nanotechnology in agriculture struggles because regulations and legislations regarding Nano-based Agri-inputs are limited and non-specified. Several countries have not yet issued guidelines for the evaluation of Nano-based Agri-inputs and food products. Also, the mechanisms of interaction of NPs with plants and humans are not well understood. Therefore, the commercial application of Nano-based Agri-inputs in field conditions warrants the completion of proper safety and toxicological analyses. This review summarizes the current status of Phyto-nanotechnology with a discussion on present hurdles and possible solutions.