Antibiotic Resistance: Actions to accelerate global response

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Antibiotic Resistance: Actions to accelerate global response

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Author(s): Hari Muhunthan ¹ ^,

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 1 June 2024

Journal: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of increasing patterns of antibiotic resistance on the global response to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance. The focus will be on global contributors to antibiotic resistance, the emergence of antibiotic resistance globally, previous efforts to combat antibiotic resistance, bright spots of where it has worked, and their effectiveness. Data will be collected from 4 databases: PUBMED, JSTOR, Gale, and ProQuest. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the papers selected, relevant articles were retrieved for full-text review.

Today, resistance patterns in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are difficult to treat and are possibly untreatable with today’s antibiotics. The overall main factors are the current shortage of effective treatments, lack of prevention measures, and new antibiotics, which require the creation of new and original treatment options and alternative antimicrobial therapies (Frieri et al., 2017). Some minor contributors of antibiotic resistance include demographic factors, the poor quality of available antibiotics, misuse, the ease of obtaining antibiotics. Self-medication and lack of regulation on medical imports are major factors in more developed countries. Antibiotic resistance was already widespread by the 1950s, but it spiked in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Previous efforts to combat antibiotic resistance efforts in the healthcare sector, yielded very little to no success. The policies of global organizations include major attempts to draw attention and the need for efforts to alleviate the problem. New and novel modern efforts to combat antibiotic resistance have, however, yielded results. In communities, cleaning your hands by using alcohol-based wipes or soap and water has proven effective in preventing infection, and this can stop the spread of antibiotic resistance. In hospitals, preventing infections has proven very effective. Clinicians can also play a role in combating antibiotic resistance, as they are in direct contact with patients, they can either spread or control infection and antibiotic resistance. Educating nurses and other clinicians about antibiotic resistance may help in control of spread of infections. Pharmacists can also provide patients with infections information about the ineffectiveness of antibacterials and can recommend appropriate over-the-counter medication for treatment (Uchil et al., 2014).

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Title: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 1 June 2024

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[1 ] Individual led research;

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[* ]Email: pl253971@ 123456ahschool.com .

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Hari Muhunthan https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5898-7349

Article

DOI: 10.14293/PR2199.000899.v1

SO-VID: 316b1782-698b-40fd-94f2-2d52f205469b

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This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www.scienceopen.com .

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Date received : 1 June 2024

References

Abushaheen Manar Ali, Muzaheed, Fatani Amal Jamil, Alosaimi Mohammed, Mansy Wael, George Merin, Acharya Sadananda, Rathod Sanjay, Divakar Darshan Devang, Jhugroo Chitra, Vellappally Sajith, Khan Aftab Ahmed, Shaik Jilani, Jhugroo Poojdev. Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Disease-a-Month. Vol. 66(6)2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Sifri Ziad, Chokshi Aastha, Cennimo David, Horng Helen. Global contributors to antibiotic resistance. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. Vol. 11(1)2019. Medknow. [Cross Ref]
Frieri Marianne, Kumar Krishan, Boutin Anthony. Antibiotic resistance. Journal of Infection and Public Health. Vol. 10(4):369–378. 2017. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Kapoor Garima, Saigal Saurabh, Elongavan Ashok. Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. Vol. 33(3)2017. Medknow. [Cross Ref]
Khardori Nancy, Stevaux Cecilia, Ripley Kathryn. Antibiotics: From the Beginning to the Future: Part 2. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 87(1):43–47. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
Levy Hara Gabriel, Kanj Souha S., Pagani Leonardo, Abbo Lilian, Endimiani Andrea, Wertheim Heiman F.L., Amábile-Cuevas Carlos, Tattevin Pierre, Mehtar Shaheen, Lopes Cardoso Fernando, Unal Serhat, Gould Ian. Ten key points for the appropriate use of antibiotics in hospitalised patients: a consensus from the Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance Working Groups of the International Society of Chemotherapy. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Vol. 48(3):239–246. 2016. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Livermore D. M., Blaser M., Carrs O., Cassell G., Fishman N., Guidos R., Levy S., Powers J., Norrby R., Tillotson G., Davies R., Projan S., Dawson M., Monnet D., Keogh-Brown M., Hand K., Garner S., Findlay D., Morel C., Wise R., Bax R., Burke F., Chopra I., Czaplewski L., Finch R., Livermore D., Piddock L. J. V., White T.. Discovery research: the scientific challenge of finding new antibiotics. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Vol. 66(9):1941–1944. 2011. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]
Lushniak Boris D.. Antibiotic Resistance: A Public Health Crisis. Public Health Reports. Vol. 129(4):314–316. 2014. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
Mohr Kathrin I.. History of Antibiotics ResearchCurrent Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. p. 237–272. 2016. Springer International Publishing. [Cross Ref]
Perry Julie, Waglechner Nicholas, Wright Gerard. The Prehistory of Antibiotic Resistance. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. Vol. 6(6)2016. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. [Cross Ref]
Sheldon Tony. Saving antibiotics for when they are really needed: the Dutch example. BMJ. 2016. BMJ. [Cross Ref]
Singh Sheo B., Young Katherine, Silver Lynn L.. What is an “ideal” antibiotic? Discovery challenges and path forward. Biochemical Pharmacology. Vol. 133:63–73. 2017. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Swami Onkar C. Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. 2014. JCDR Research and Publications. [Cross Ref]

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[1] Abushaheen Manar Ali, Muzaheed, Fatani Amal Jamil, Alosaimi Mohammed, Mansy Wael, George Merin, Acharya Sadananda, Rathod Sanjay, Divakar Darshan Devang, Jhugroo Chitra, Vellappally Sajith, Khan Aftab Ahmed, Shaik Jilani, Jhugroo Poojdev. Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Disease-a-Month. Vol. 66(6)2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[2] Sifri Ziad, Chokshi Aastha, Cennimo David, Horng Helen. Global contributors to antibiotic resistance. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. Vol. 11(1)2019. Medknow. [Cross Ref]

[3] Frieri Marianne, Kumar Krishan, Boutin Anthony. Antibiotic resistance. Journal of Infection and Public Health. Vol. 10(4):369–378. 2017. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[4] Kapoor Garima, Saigal Saurabh, Elongavan Ashok. Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. Vol. 33(3)2017. Medknow. [Cross Ref]

[5] Khardori Nancy, Stevaux Cecilia, Ripley Kathryn. Antibiotics: From the Beginning to the Future: Part 2. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 87(1):43–47. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[6] Levy Hara Gabriel, Kanj Souha S., Pagani Leonardo, Abbo Lilian, Endimiani Andrea, Wertheim Heiman F.L., Amábile-Cuevas Carlos, Tattevin Pierre, Mehtar Shaheen, Lopes Cardoso Fernando, Unal Serhat, Gould Ian. Ten key points for the appropriate use of antibiotics in hospitalised patients: a consensus from the Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance Working Groups of the International Society of Chemotherapy. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Vol. 48(3):239–246. 2016. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[7] Livermore D. M., Blaser M., Carrs O., Cassell G., Fishman N., Guidos R., Levy S., Powers J., Norrby R., Tillotson G., Davies R., Projan S., Dawson M., Monnet D., Keogh-Brown M., Hand K., Garner S., Findlay D., Morel C., Wise R., Bax R., Burke F., Chopra I., Czaplewski L., Finch R., Livermore D., Piddock L. J. V., White T.. Discovery research: the scientific challenge of finding new antibiotics. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Vol. 66(9):1941–1944. 2011. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]

[8] Lushniak Boris D.. Antibiotic Resistance: A Public Health Crisis. Public Health Reports. Vol. 129(4):314–316. 2014. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[9] Mohr Kathrin I.. History of Antibiotics ResearchCurrent Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. p. 237–272. 2016. Springer International Publishing. [Cross Ref]

[10] Perry Julie, Waglechner Nicholas, Wright Gerard. The Prehistory of Antibiotic Resistance. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. Vol. 6(6)2016. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. [Cross Ref]

[11] Sheldon Tony. Saving antibiotics for when they are really needed: the Dutch example. BMJ. 2016. BMJ. [Cross Ref]

[12] Singh Sheo B., Young Katherine, Silver Lynn L.. What is an “ideal” antibiotic? Discovery challenges and path forward. Biochemical Pharmacology. Vol. 133:63–73. 2017. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[13] Swami Onkar C. Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. 2014. JCDR Research and Publications. [Cross Ref]

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Antibiotic Resistance: Actions to accelerate global response

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