A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND LIPID MODULATING EFFECTS OF Mangifera indica, Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC ANIMAL MODELS

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**A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND LIPID MODULATING EFFECTS OF Mangifera indica, Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC ANIMAL MODELS**

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Author(s): Aminu Omale ¹ ^, , Jamila Audu Omale ² , Samuel Attah Egu ¹ , Andrew Omachoko Onoja ³

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 27 April 2024

Journal: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

Keywords: Antioxidant, Lipid profile, Irvingia gabonensis, Wombolu, Testa, IC50

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Abstract

Background: In recent years, increasing attention is being paid to oils consumed by humans because of the high number of unsaturated compounds these oils are susceptible to. As a result, many unnecessary changes occur in food products that deteriorate their sensory properties (colour, taste, odour). Mangifera sp and Irvingia sp are rich in a variety of phytochemicals and nutrients; and have great antioxidant activities. This study aim to study the effect these oils have on the lipid profile of rats fed the oils. Methods: Chemical properties involving antioxidant techniques like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) and Total Phenolics (TP) were investigated. Lipid profiles of the oils were also studied using animal models. Results: Of all the techniques employed, TAA was indeed a better reflector of the antioxidant activity, irrespective of oil type since it distinctly showed the significant (p<0.05) contribution of testa to inhibit autoxidation. The oil extracts possessed a lower potency than the standards (Quercetin). The Irvingia variety with testa ( Iwt 4.86 µg/ml; Igt 17.12µg/ml) showed more potency by having relatively lesser IC ₅₀ values than those without testa ( Iwt _o 17.30µg/ml; Igt _o 22.41µg/ml). The Irvingia wombulu ( Iw) extracts irrespective of treatment, had stable LDL, increase in TC by 24.6%, a remarkable rise in HDL by 115.8% and a decrease in TG by 6.4%. When effects of testa were examined, Iwt gave increased values of 178.2% TC, 354.5% HDL and 743% decrease in LDL representing ratio 1:2:5 respectively. Conclusion: The observations re-emphasized the positive contribution of testa of Irvingia seed in nutrition. This research has demonstrated that the oil extracts derived from Irvingia wombulu and Irvingia gabonensis, particularly when retaining their testa components, exhibit notable antioxidant properties and mitigates oxidative stress induced by free radicals.

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Author and article information

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Title: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 27 April 2024

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, Kogi State University Anyigba Nigeria;

[2 ] Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University Anyigba Nigeria;

[3 ] Department of Animal & Environmental Biology, Kogi State University Anyigba Nigeria;

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[* ]Email: omale.a@ 123456ksu.edu.ng .

Author information

Aminu Omale https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8867-5915

Jamila Audu Omale https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-4897

Samuel Attah Egu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-6528

Andrew Omachoko Onoja https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-9092

Article

DOI: 10.14293/PR2199.000834.v1

SO-VID: 5d0b8694-e8c6-42e8-910c-fe97ca8bae85

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This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www.scienceopen.com .

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Date received : 27 April 2024

References

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Kiritsakis Apostolos, Christie William W.. Analysis of Edible OilsHandbook of Olive Oil. p. 129–158. 2000. Springer US. [Cross Ref]
Berardini Nicolai, Fezer Ramona, Conrad Jürgen, Beifuss Uwe, Carle Reinhold, Schieber Andreas. Screening of Mango (Mangifera indicaL.) Cultivars for Their Contents of FlavonolO- and XanthoneC-Glycosides, Anthocyanins, and Pectin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 53(5):1563–1570. 2005. American Chemical Society (ACS). [Cross Ref]
Madge Clare. Therapeutic landscapes of the Jola, The Gambia, West Africa. Health & Place. Vol. 4(4):293–311. 1998. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Khan Merajuddin, Al-Saleem Muneera S.M., Alkhathlan Hamad Z.. A detailed study on chemical characterization of essential oil components of two Plectranthus species grown in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. Vol. 20(6):711–721. 2016. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Sochor Jiri, Ryvolova Marketa, Krystofova Olga, Salas Petr, Hubalek Jaromir, Adam Vojtech, Trnkova Libuse, Havel Ladislav, Beklova Miroslava, Zehnalek Josef, Provaznik Ivo, Kizek Rene. Fully Automated Spectrometric Protocols for Determination of Antioxidant Activity: Advantages and Disadvantages. Molecules. Vol. 15(12):8618–8640. 2010. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]
Arogba S.S.. Phenolics, Antiradical Assay and Cytotoxicity of Processed Mango (Mangifera indica) and Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Kernels. Nigerian Food Journal. Vol. 32(1):62–72. 2014. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Rodriguez-Otero José Louis, Hermida Maria, Cepeda Alberto. Determination of Fat, Protein, and Total Solids in Cheese by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Vol. 78(3):802–806. 1995. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]
Akubor P. I.. The suitability of African bush mango juice for wine production. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. Vol. 49(3):213–219. 1996. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
Sultana Bushra, Hussain Zaib, Asif Muhammad, Munir Adil. Investigation on the Antioxidant Activity of Leaves, Peels, Stems Bark, and Kernel of Mango (Mangifera indica L.). Journal of Food Science. Vol. 77(8)2012. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Benzie Iris F.F., Strain J.J.. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Analytical Biochemistry. Vol. 239(1):70–76. 1996. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Halliwell Barry. Antioxidant characterization. Biochemical Pharmacology. Vol. 49(10):1341–1348. 1995. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Maisuthisakul Pitchaon, Suttajit Maitree, Pongsawatmanit Rungnaphar. Assessment of phenolic content and free radical-scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food Chemistry. Vol. 100(4):1409–1418. 2007. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Xu Dong-Ping, Li Ya, Meng Xiao, Zhou Tong, Zhou Yue, Zheng Jie, Zhang Jiao-Jiao, Li Hua-Bin. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Vol. 18(1)2017. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]
Ngondi Judith L, Oben Julius E, Minka Samuel R. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon. Lipids in Health and Disease. Vol. 4(1)2005. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
Matos L., Nzikou J.M., Matouba E., Pandzou-Ye V.N., Guembot Ma T., Linder M., Desobry S.. Studies of Irvingia gabonensis Seed Kernels: Oil Technological Applications. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 8(2):151–157. 2009. Science Alert. [Cross Ref]
Appaiah Prakruthi, Sunil L., Prasanth Kumar P. K., Gopala Krishna A. G.. Composition of Coconut Testa, Coconut Kernel and its Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Vol. 91(6):917–924. 2014. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Audu Omale Jamila, Ele-Ojo Ojogbane, Ilecholubo Awodi Patience. Study of Antioxidant Properties and the Significance of Testa in Irvingia Spp (Wombolu and Gabonensis)Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 3. p. 56–65. 2022. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International). [Cross Ref]

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] MANIAN R, ANUSUYA N, SIDDHURAJU P, MANIAN S. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging potential of two different solvent extracts of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz, Ficus bengalensis L. and Ficus racemosa L. Food Chemistry. Vol. 107(3):1000–1007. 2008. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[2] Miller Marshall G., Shukitt-Hale Barbara. Berry Fruit Enhances Beneficial Signaling in the Brain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 60(23):5709–5715. 2012. American Chemical Society (ACS). [Cross Ref]

[3] Nicoli M.C, Anese M, Parpinel M. Influence of processing on the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Vol. 10(3):94–100. 1999. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[4] Kiritsakis Apostolos, Christie William W.. Analysis of Edible OilsHandbook of Olive Oil. p. 129–158. 2000. Springer US. [Cross Ref]

[5] Berardini Nicolai, Fezer Ramona, Conrad Jürgen, Beifuss Uwe, Carle Reinhold, Schieber Andreas. Screening of Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>L.) Cultivars for Their Contents of Flavonol<i>O</i>- and Xanthone<i>C</i>-Glycosides, Anthocyanins, and Pectin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 53(5):1563–1570. 2005. American Chemical Society (ACS). [Cross Ref]

[6] Madge Clare. Therapeutic landscapes of the Jola, The Gambia, West Africa. Health & Place. Vol. 4(4):293–311. 1998. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[7] Khan Merajuddin, Al-Saleem Muneera S.M., Alkhathlan Hamad Z.. A detailed study on chemical characterization of essential oil components of two Plectranthus species grown in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. Vol. 20(6):711–721. 2016. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[8] Sochor Jiri, Ryvolova Marketa, Krystofova Olga, Salas Petr, Hubalek Jaromir, Adam Vojtech, Trnkova Libuse, Havel Ladislav, Beklova Miroslava, Zehnalek Josef, Provaznik Ivo, Kizek Rene. Fully Automated Spectrometric Protocols for Determination of Antioxidant Activity: Advantages and Disadvantages. Molecules. Vol. 15(12):8618–8640. 2010. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]

[9] Arogba S.S.. Phenolics, Antiradical Assay and Cytotoxicity of Processed Mango (Mangifera indica) and Bush Mango (Irvingia gabonensis) Kernels. Nigerian Food Journal. Vol. 32(1):62–72. 2014. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[10] Rodriguez-Otero José Louis, Hermida Maria, Cepeda Alberto. Determination of Fat, Protein, and Total Solids in Cheese by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. Vol. 78(3):802–806. 1995. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]

[11] Akubor P. I.. The suitability of African bush mango juice for wine production. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. Vol. 49(3):213–219. 1996. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[12] Sultana Bushra, Hussain Zaib, Asif Muhammad, Munir Adil. Investigation on the Antioxidant Activity of Leaves, Peels, Stems Bark, and Kernel of Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i> L.). Journal of Food Science. Vol. 77(8)2012. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[13] Benzie Iris F.F., Strain J.J.. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Analytical Biochemistry. Vol. 239(1):70–76. 1996. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[14] Halliwell Barry. Antioxidant characterization. Biochemical Pharmacology. Vol. 49(10):1341–1348. 1995. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[15] Maisuthisakul Pitchaon, Suttajit Maitree, Pongsawatmanit Rungnaphar. Assessment of phenolic content and free radical-scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food Chemistry. Vol. 100(4):1409–1418. 2007. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[16] Xu Dong-Ping, Li Ya, Meng Xiao, Zhou Tong, Zhou Yue, Zheng Jie, Zhang Jiao-Jiao, Li Hua-Bin. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Vol. 18(1)2017. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]

[17] Ngondi Judith L, Oben Julius E, Minka Samuel R. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subjects in Cameroon. Lipids in Health and Disease. Vol. 4(1)2005. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[18] Matos L., Nzikou J.M., Matouba E., Pandzou-Ye V.N., Guembot Ma T., Linder M., Desobry S.. Studies of Irvingia gabonensis Seed Kernels: Oil Technological Applications. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 8(2):151–157. 2009. Science Alert. [Cross Ref]

[19] Appaiah Prakruthi, Sunil L., Prasanth Kumar P. K., Gopala Krishna A. G.. Composition of Coconut Testa, Coconut Kernel and its Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Vol. 91(6):917–924. 2014. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[20] Audu Omale Jamila, Ele-Ojo Ojogbane, Ilecholubo Awodi Patience. Study of Antioxidant Properties and the Significance of Testa in Irvingia Spp (Wombolu and Gabonensis)Emerging Challenges in Agriculture and Food Science Vol. 3. p. 56–65. 2022. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International). [Cross Ref]

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