Using Design Fiction to explore player reactions to proposed “dark design” monetization patterns for immersive gaming

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Using Design Fiction to explore player reactions to proposed “dark design” monetization patterns for immersive gaming

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Author(s): John King , Dan Fitton , Brendan Cassidy

Publication date (Print): July 2024

Conference name: 37th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference (BCS HCI 24)

Conference theme: The International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference in 2024 was supported by the BCS Interactions Special Interest Group and hosted by the University of Central Lancashire in Preston. The BCS HCI Conference welcomed submissions on all aspects of human-computer interaction. Topics included: user experience (UX), usability testing, interaction design (IxD), human-centred AI (HCAI), education, health, sustainability, the Internet of Things (IoT), interaction technologies, and emerging interactive applications.

Conference date: 15–17 July 2024

Keywords: dark patterns, deceptive design, virtual reality, design fiction

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John King

Dan Fitton

Brendan Cassidy

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Publication date: July 2024

Publication date (Print): July 2024

Pages: 242-248

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[0001]School of Engineering and Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK, PR1 2HE

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DOI: 10.14236/ewic/BCSHCI2024.25

SO-VID: 226b8285-ee5a-48dd-99a2-e025a5796e44

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: 37th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: BCS HCI 24

Conference number: 37

Conference location: University of Central Lancashire (UCLan)

Conference date: 15–17 July 2024

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

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1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/BCSHCI2024.25

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

BoschT. (2012, March). Sci-fi writer Bruce Sterling explains the intriguing new concept of Design Fiction. https://slate.com/technology/2012/03/ bruce-sterling-on-design-fictions.html. Accessed: 2023-06–13.
BraunV. and ClarkeV. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2), 77–101.
BrignullH. (2013). Dark patterns: inside the interfaces designed to trick you. https: //www.theverge.com/2013/8/29/4640308/dark-patterns-inside-the-interfaces-designedto-trick-you. Accessed: 2020-09-18.
CialdiniR. B. (1984). Influence: Science and Practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
CloseJ. and LloydJ. (2021, April). Lifting the lid on loot-boxes: Chance-based purchases in video games and the convergence of gaming and gambling. Technical report, Gamble Aware, London, UK.
CoultonP., LindleyJ., SturdeeM., and SteadM. (2017, March). Design fiction as world building. In Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Research Through Design Conference.
CurryL. (2015). Fundamentals of qualitative research methods: Focus groups. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCAPz14yjd4. Accessed: 2023-06-23.
Dr`ezeX., HochS.J., and PurkM.E. (1994, December). Shelf management and space elasticity. Journal of Retailing 70(4), 301–326.
EbsterC. and GarausM. (2015). Store Design and Visual Merchandising (2nd ed.). Business Expert Press.
ESA (2022). Essential facts about the video game industry 2022. https://www.theesa.com/wpcontent/uploads/2022/06/2022-Essential-Facts-About-the-Video-Game-Industry.pdf.
FittonD. and ReadJ.C. (2019, June). Creating a framework to support the critical consideration of dark design aspects in free-to-play apps. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, IDC 2019, IDC, pp. 407–418. ACM.
GrayC. M., ChenJ., ChivukulaS.S., and QuL. (2021, October). End user accounts of dark patterns as felt manipulation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5(CSCW2), 1–25.
GrayC. M., SantosC., and BielovaN. (2023). Towards a preliminary ontology of dark patterns knowledge. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’23, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
GreenbergS., BoringS., VermeulenJ., and DostalJ. (2014). Dark patterns in proxemic interactions: A critical perspective. In Proceedings of the Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques, DIS, pp. 523–532. ACM.
GuestG., MacQueenK., and NameyE. (2011, January). Applied Thematic Analysis. California, United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.
HadanH., ChoongL., ZhangL.-Kennedy, and NackeL.E. (2024, May). Deceived by immersion: A systematic analysis of deceptive design in extended reality. ACM Comput. Surv. 56(10), 1–25.
HallE. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books, New York.
KingJ., FittonD., and CassidyB. (2023, October). Investigating players’ perceptions of deceptive design practices within a 3D gameplay context. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7(CHI Play), 876–892.
Krauß, V. (2022). Towards XR’s dark side. https://xrcon.de/talk/veronika-kraustowards-xrs-dark-side-tech-research/. Accessed: 2023-06-13.
Krauß, V., SaegheP., BodenA., KhamisM., McGillM., GugenheimerJ., and NebelingM. (2024, April). What makes XR dark? examining emerging dark patterns in augmented and virtual reality through expert co-design. In ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
LewisC. (2014). Irresistible Apps Motivational Design Patterns for Apps, Games, andWeb-based Communities (1st ed.). New York, NY: Apress.
MaierM. (2020). Dark design patterns — an enduser perspective. Human Technology 16(2), 170–199.
MhaidliA. H. and SchaubF. (2021). Identifying manipulative advertising techniques in XR through scenario construction. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.
MillerG., BosterF., RoloffM., and SeiboldD. (1977). Compliance-gaining message strategies: A typology and some findings concerning effects of situational differences. Communications Monographs 44(1), 37–51.
PetrovskayaE. and ZendleD. (2021, October). Predatory monetisation? A categorisation of unfair, misleading and aggressive monetisation techniques in digital games from the player perspective. Journal of Business Ethics 181(4), 1065–1081.
ReckiL., KrothK., KrauV.ß, KlL. ¨ockner, PakuschC., BossauerP., BL.¨ohm, PetersF., StA.¨ obitsch, and BodenA. (2024). Digitale Verantwortung [Digital Responsibility], pp. 203–260. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Ringfort-FelnerR., LaschkeM., SadeghianS., and HassenzahlM. (2022, January). Kiro: A design fiction to explore social conversation with voice assistants. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 6. Association for Computing Machinery.
ThomasL., VinesJ., and BriggsP. (2022, February). Exploring digital support for the student transition to university through questionable concepts. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 26(1), 79–92.
UKIE (2021). Player diversity & demographics. https://ukiepedia.ukie.org.uk/index.php/ Player Diversity %26 Demographics. Accessed: 2022-08-26.
UnderhillP. and AndersonR. (1999). Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping. Simon & Schuster.
VinesJ., BlytheM., LindsayS., DunphyP., MonkA., and OlivierP. (2012, May). Questionable concepts: Critique as resource for designing with eighty somethings. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’12, Austin, Texas, USA, pp. 1169–1178. SIGCHI: Association for Computing Machinery.
WangX., L.-LeeH., FernandezC.B., and HuiP. (2023). The dark side of augmented reality: Exploring manipulative designs in ar. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 0(0), 1–16.
ZagalJ. P., BjS. ¨ ork, and LewisC. (2013). Dark patterns in the design of games. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2013), Chania, Greece, pp. 39–46. Society for the Advancement of the Study of Digital Games.
ZendleD., MeyerR., and BallouN. (2020). The changing face of desktop video game monetisation: An exploration of exposure to loot boxes, pay to win, and cosmetic microtransactions in the most-played steam games of 2010-2019. PLoS ONE 15(5), 1–13.

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Comment on this article

[1] BoschT. (2012, March). Sci-fi writer Bruce Sterling explains the intriguing new concept of Design Fiction. https://slate.com/technology/2012/03/ bruce-sterling-on-design-fictions.html. Accessed: 2023-06–13.

[2] BraunV. and ClarkeV. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2), 77–101.

[3] BrignullH. (2013). Dark patterns: inside the interfaces designed to trick you. https: //www.theverge.com/2013/8/29/4640308/dark-patterns-inside-the-interfaces-designedto-trick-you. Accessed: 2020-09-18.

[4] CialdiniR. B. (1984). Influence: Science and Practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

[5] CloseJ. and LloydJ. (2021, April). Lifting the lid on loot-boxes: Chance-based purchases in video games and the convergence of gaming and gambling. Technical report, Gamble Aware, London, UK.

[6] CoultonP., LindleyJ., SturdeeM., and SteadM. (2017, March). Design fiction as world building. In Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Research Through Design Conference.

[7] CurryL. (2015). Fundamentals of qualitative research methods: Focus groups. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCAPz14yjd4. Accessed: 2023-06-23.

[8] Dr`ezeX., HochS.J., and PurkM.E. (1994, December). Shelf management and space elasticity. Journal of Retailing 70(4), 301–326.

[9] EbsterC. and GarausM. (2015). Store Design and Visual Merchandising (2nd ed.). Business Expert Press.

[10] ESA (2022). Essential facts about the video game industry 2022. https://www.theesa.com/wpcontent/uploads/2022/06/2022-Essential-Facts-About-the-Video-Game-Industry.pdf.

[11] FittonD. and ReadJ.C. (2019, June). Creating a framework to support the critical consideration of dark design aspects in free-to-play apps. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, IDC 2019, IDC, pp. 407–418. ACM.

[12] GrayC. M., ChenJ., ChivukulaS.S., and QuL. (2021, October). End user accounts of dark patterns as felt manipulation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5(CSCW2), 1–25.

[13] GrayC. M., SantosC., and BielovaN. (2023). Towards a preliminary ontology of dark patterns knowledge. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA ’23, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.

[14] GreenbergS., BoringS., VermeulenJ., and DostalJ. (2014). Dark patterns in proxemic interactions: A critical perspective. In Proceedings of the Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques, DIS, pp. 523–532. ACM.

[15] GuestG., MacQueenK., and NameyE. (2011, January). Applied Thematic Analysis. California, United States: SAGE Publications, Inc.

[16] HadanH., ChoongL., ZhangL.-Kennedy, and NackeL.E. (2024, May). Deceived by immersion: A systematic analysis of deceptive design in extended reality. ACM Comput. Surv. 56(10), 1–25.

[17] HallE. T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. Anchor Books, New York.

[18] KingJ., FittonD., and CassidyB. (2023, October). Investigating players’ perceptions of deceptive design practices within a 3D gameplay context. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7(CHI Play), 876–892.

[19] Krauß, V. (2022). Towards XR’s dark side. https://xrcon.de/talk/veronika-kraustowards-xrs-dark-side-tech-research/. Accessed: 2023-06-13.

[20] Krauß, V., SaegheP., BodenA., KhamisM., McGillM., GugenheimerJ., and NebelingM. (2024, April). What makes XR dark? examining emerging dark patterns in augmented and virtual reality through expert co-design. In ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.

[21] LewisC. (2014). Irresistible Apps Motivational Design Patterns for Apps, Games, andWeb-based Communities (1st ed.). New York, NY: Apress.

[22] MaierM. (2020). Dark design patterns — an enduser perspective. Human Technology 16(2), 170–199.

[23] MhaidliA. H. and SchaubF. (2021). Identifying manipulative advertising techniques in XR through scenario construction. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’21, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery.

[24] MillerG., BosterF., RoloffM., and SeiboldD. (1977). Compliance-gaining message strategies: A typology and some findings concerning effects of situational differences. Communications Monographs 44(1), 37–51.

[25] PetrovskayaE. and ZendleD. (2021, October). Predatory monetisation? A categorisation of unfair, misleading and aggressive monetisation techniques in digital games from the player perspective. Journal of Business Ethics 181(4), 1065–1081.

[26] ReckiL., KrothK., KrauV.ß, KlL. ¨ockner, PakuschC., BossauerP., BL.¨ohm, PetersF., StA.¨ obitsch, and BodenA. (2024). Digitale Verantwortung [Digital Responsibility], pp. 203–260. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[27] Ringfort-FelnerR., LaschkeM., SadeghianS., and HassenzahlM. (2022, January). Kiro: A design fiction to explore social conversation with voice assistants. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 6. Association for Computing Machinery.

[28] ThomasL., VinesJ., and BriggsP. (2022, February). Exploring digital support for the student transition to university through questionable concepts. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 26(1), 79–92.

[29] UKIE (2021). Player diversity & demographics. https://ukiepedia.ukie.org.uk/index.php/ Player Diversity %26 Demographics. Accessed: 2022-08-26.

[30] UnderhillP. and AndersonR. (1999). Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping. Simon & Schuster.

[31] VinesJ., BlytheM., LindsayS., DunphyP., MonkA., and OlivierP. (2012, May). Questionable concepts: Critique as resource for designing with eighty somethings. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI ’12, Austin, Texas, USA, pp. 1169–1178. SIGCHI: Association for Computing Machinery.

[32] WangX., L.-LeeH., FernandezC.B., and HuiP. (2023). The dark side of augmented reality: Exploring manipulative designs in ar. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 0(0), 1–16.

[33] ZagalJ. P., BjS. ¨ ork, and LewisC. (2013). Dark patterns in the design of games. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games (FDG 2013), Chania, Greece, pp. 39–46. Society for the Advancement of the Study of Digital Games.

[34] ZendleD., MeyerR., and BallouN. (2020). The changing face of desktop video game monetisation: An exploration of exposure to loot boxes, pay to win, and cosmetic microtransactions in the most-played steam games of 2010-2019. PLoS ONE 15(5), 1–13.

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Using Design Fiction to explore player reactions to proposed “dark design” monetization patterns for immersive gaming

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