Patterns of Meaningful and Meaningless Smartphone Use: A Diary Study

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Patterns of Meaningful and Meaningless Smartphone Use: A Diary Study

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Author(s): Sultan Almoallim , Corina Sas

Publication date (Print): August 2023

Conference name: 36th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference (BCS HCI 23)

Conference theme: The BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference 2023 was co-located with the INTERACT 2023 conference, the theme of which was "Design for Equlity and Justice", as increasingly, computer science as a discipline is becoming concerned about issues of justice and equality – from fake news to rights for robots, from the ethics of driverless vehicles to the gamergate controversy. The BCS HCI Conference welcomed submissions on all aspects of human-computer interaction. Topics included: User Experience, usability testing and interaction design; Education and Health; Smart Energy, Smart Transport and the Internet of Things; Interaction Technologies and Applications.

Conference date: 28–29 August 2023

Keywords: Smartphone addiction, Smartphone usage, Meaningfulness Meaning, Digital Wellbeing, Eudaimonia

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Sultan Almoallim

Corina Sas

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Publication date: August 2023

Publication date (Print): August 2023

Pages: 251-261

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[0001]Lancaster University

Lancaster, UK

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DOI: 10.14236/ewic/BCSHCI2023.28

SO-VID: a712470c-e4cc-49ac-bae3-720eb0232db5

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: 36th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: BCS HCI 23

Conference number: 36

Conference location: University of York, UK

Conference date: 28–29 August 2023

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

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1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

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REFERENCES

Akama, Y., Light, A., & Bowen, S. (2017). Mindfulness and technology: traces of a middle way. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, 345–355.
Almoallim, S., & Sas, C. (2022). Functionalities Review of Digital Wellbeing Apps: Towards Research-informed Design Implications for Interventions Limiting Smartphone Use. JMIR Formative Research.
Busch, P. A. (2020). Problematic Smartphone Use and Its Associations With Personality Traits and Hedonic Motivation. PACIS, 76.
Cecchinato, M. E., Rooksby, J., Hiniker, A., Munson, S., Lukoff, K., Ciolfi, L., Thieme, A., & Harrison, D. (2019). Designing for digital wellbeing: A research & practice agenda. Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3298998
Cho, H., Choi, D., Kim, D., Kang, W. J., Choe, E. K., & Lee, S.-J. (2021). Reflect, Not Regret: Understanding Regretful Smartphone Use with App Feature-Level Analysis. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5 (CSCW2), 1–36.
Daudén Roquet, C., & Sas, C. (2018). Evaluating mindfulness meditation apps. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2018-April. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188616
Daudén Roquet, C., & Sas, C. (2021). Interoceptive interaction: An embodied metaphor inspired approach to designing for meditation. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–17.
Daudén Roquet, C., Sas, C., & Potts, D. (2023). Exploring Anima: a brain–computer interface for peripheral materialization of mindfulness states during mandala coloring. Human–Computer Interaction, 38(5–6), 259–299.
Daugherty, D. A., Runyan, J. D., Steenbergh, T. A., Fratzke, B. J., Fry, B. N., & Westra, E. (2018). Smartphone delivery of a hope intervention: Another way to flourish. PloS One, 13(6), e0197930.
Deb, A. (2015). Phantom vibration and phantom ringing among mobile phone users: A systematic review of literature. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 7(3), 231–239.
Ding, X., Xu, J., Chen, G., & Xu, C. (2016). Beyond Smartphone Overuse: Identifying Addictive Mobile Apps. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2821–2828. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892415
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Alghraibeh, A. M., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A. A., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 289–298.
Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2019). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on problematic smartphone use: comparison between problematic and non-problematic adolescent users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3142.
Fioravanti, G., Casale, S., Benucci, S. B., Prostamo, A., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2021). Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 122(April), 106839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106839
Griffioen, N., Scholten, H., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Van Rooij, M., & Granic, I. (2021). Everyone does it—differently: A window into emerging adults’ smartphone use. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1–11.
Harris, B., Regan, T., Schueler, J., & Fields, S. A. (2020). Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00672
Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., & Joiner, R. (2014). Constantly connected - The effects of smart-devices on mental health. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.006
Hiniker, A., Hong, S., Kohno, T., & Kientz, J. A. (2016). MyTime: Designing and evaluating an intervention for smartphone non-use. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 4746–4757. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858403
Jeong, S. H., Kim, H. J., Yum, J. Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035
Katevas, K., Arapakis, I., & Pielot, M. (2018). Typical phone use habits: Intense use does not predict negative well-being. MobileHCI 2018 - Beyond Mobile: The Next 20 Years - 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229434.3229441
Kim, J., Park, J., Lee, H., Ko, M., & Lee, U. (2019). LocknType: Lockout task intervention for discouraging smartphone app use. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300927
Kim, S.-K., & Kang, H.-B. (2018). An analysis of smartphone overuse recognition in terms of emotions using brainwaves and deep learning. Neurocomputing, 275, 1393–1406.
Király, O., Potenza, M. N., Stein, D. J., King, D. L., Hodgins, D. C., Saunders, J. B., Griffiths, M. D., Gjoneska, B., Billieux, J., Brand, M., Abbott, M. W., Chamberlain, S. R., Corazza, O., Burkauskas, J., Sales, C. M. D., Montag, C., Lochner, C., Grünblatt, E., Wegmann, E., … Demetrovics, Z. (2020). Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 100, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180
Ko, M., Yang, S., Lee, J., Heizmann, C., Jeong, J., Lee, U., Shin, D., Yatani, K., Song, J., & Chung, K.-M. M. (2015). NUGU: A Group-based Intervention App for Improving Self-Regulation of Limiting Smartphone Use. CSCW 2015 - Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 1235–1245. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675244
Kühn, L., Hermann, C., & Boer, L. (2019). Design Research Themes for Mindful Interaction.
Lanette, S., Chua, P. K., Hayes, G., & Mazmanian, M. (2018). How much is’ too much’? The role of a smartphone addiction narrative in individuals’ experience of use. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1–22.
Lee, U., Lee, J., Ko, M., Lee, C., Kim, Y., Yang, S., Yatani, K., Gweon, G., Chung, K.-M. M., & Song, J. (2014). Hooked on Smartphones: An Exploratory Study on Smartphone Overuse among College Students. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2327–2336. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557366
Liao, M., & Sundar, S. S. (2022). Sound of silence: Does Muting Notifications Reduce Phone Use? Computers in Human Behavior, 107338.
Lolla, S., & Sas, C. (2023). Evaluating Mobile Apps Targeting Personal Goals. Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–7.
Lukoff, K., Yu, C., Kientz, J., & Hiniker, A. (2018). What Makes Smartphone Use Meaningful or Meaningless? Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol, 2(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3191754
Lyngs, U., Lukoff, K., Slovak, P., Binns, R., Slack, A., Inzlicht, M., Kleek, M. Van, & Shadbolt, N. (2019). Self-Control in Cyberspace: Applying Dual Systems Theory to a Review of Digital Self-Control Tools. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300361
Meier, A. (2022). Studying problems, not problematic usage: Do mobile checking habits increase procrastination and decrease well-being? Mobile Media & Communication, 10(2), 272–293.
Mekler, E. D., & Hornbæk, K. (2019). A framework for the experience of meaning in human-computer interaction. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300455
Merčun, T., & Žumer, M. (2017). Exploring the influences on pragmatic and hedonic aspects of user experience.
Najar, S., Kirsch-Pinheiro, M., & Souveyet, C. (2011). Towards semantic modeling of intentional Pervasive Information Systems. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1145/2031325.2031330
Roffarello, A. M., De, L., & De Russis, L. (2021). Understanding, Discovering, and Mitigating Habitual Smartphone Use in Young Adults. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst, 11(13). https://doi.org/10.1145/3447991
Roffarello, A. M., & De Russis, L. (2019). The Race Towards Digital Wellbeing: Issues and Opportunities. 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300616
Sela, A., Rozenboim, N., & Ben-Gal, H. C. (2022). Smartphone use behavior and quality of life: What is the role of awareness? PloS One, 17(3), e0260637.
Singh, M. K. K., & Samah, N. A. (2018). Impact of smartphone: A review on positive and negative effects on students. Asian Social Science, 14(11), 83–89.
Stepanovic, M., Boer, L., & Jenkins, T. (2022). Reconfiguring the Smartphone to Support Intentional Use. Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference, 1–9.
Terzimehić, N., Häuslschmid, R., Hussmann, H., & Schraefel, M. C. (2019). A review & analysis of mindfulness research in HCI: Framing current lines of research and future opportunities. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13.
van Velthoven, M. H., Powell, J., & Powell, G. (2018). Problematic smartphone use: Digital approaches to an emerging public health problem. DIGITAL HEALTH, 4, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207618759167
Wang, J., Wang, P., Yang, X., Zhang, G., Wang, X. C., Zhao, F., Zhao, M., & Lei, L. (2019). Fear of Missing Out and Procrastination as Mediators Between Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Smartphone Addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(4), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00106-0
Xu, X., Zou, T., Xiao, H., Li, Y., Wang, R., Yuan, T., Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Mankoff, J., & Dey, A. K. (2022). TypeOut: Leveraging Just-in-Time Self-Affirmation for Smartphone Overuse Reduction. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–17.
Yoon, S., & Lee, K. (2015). A study on notification system design of smartphone messenger considering the user’s stress. Archives of Design Research, 28(2), 75–88.

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Comment on this article

[1] Akama, Y., Light, A., & Bowen, S. (2017). Mindfulness and technology: traces of a middle way. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, 345–355.

[2] Almoallim, S., & Sas, C. (2022). Functionalities Review of Digital Wellbeing Apps: Towards Research-informed Design Implications for Interventions Limiting Smartphone Use. JMIR Formative Research.

[3] Busch, P. A. (2020). Problematic Smartphone Use and Its Associations With Personality Traits and Hedonic Motivation. PACIS, 76.

[4] Cecchinato, M. E., Rooksby, J., Hiniker, A., Munson, S., Lukoff, K., Ciolfi, L., Thieme, A., & Harrison, D. (2019). Designing for digital wellbeing: A research & practice agenda. Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3298998

[5] Cho, H., Choi, D., Kim, D., Kang, W. J., Choe, E. K., & Lee, S.-J. (2021). Reflect, Not Regret: Understanding Regretful Smartphone Use with App Feature-Level Analysis. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5 (CSCW2), 1–36.

[6] Daudén Roquet, C., & Sas, C. (2018). Evaluating mindfulness meditation apps. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2018-April. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188616

[7] Daudén Roquet, C., & Sas, C. (2021). Interoceptive interaction: An embodied metaphor inspired approach to designing for meditation. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–17.

[8] Daudén Roquet, C., Sas, C., & Potts, D. (2023). Exploring Anima: a brain–computer interface for peripheral materialization of mindfulness states during mandala coloring. Human–Computer Interaction, 38(5–6), 259–299.

[9] Daugherty, D. A., Runyan, J. D., Steenbergh, T. A., Fratzke, B. J., Fry, B. N., & Westra, E. (2018). Smartphone delivery of a hope intervention: Another way to flourish. PloS One, 13(6), e0197930.

[10] Deb, A. (2015). Phantom vibration and phantom ringing among mobile phone users: A systematic review of literature. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 7(3), 231–239.

[11] Ding, X., Xu, J., Chen, G., & Xu, C. (2016). Beyond Smartphone Overuse: Identifying Addictive Mobile Apps. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2821–2828. https://doi.org/10.1145/2851581.2892415

[12] Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Alghraibeh, A. M., Alafnan, A. A., Aldraiweesh, A. A., & Hall, B. J. (2018). Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 89, 289–298.

[13] Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., & Rey, L. (2019). The role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on problematic smartphone use: comparison between problematic and non-problematic adolescent users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3142.

[14] Fioravanti, G., Casale, S., Benucci, S. B., Prostamo, A., Falone, A., Ricca, V., & Rotella, F. (2021). Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 122(April), 106839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106839

[15] Griffioen, N., Scholten, H., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Van Rooij, M., & Granic, I. (2021). Everyone does it—differently: A window into emerging adults’ smartphone use. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1–11.

[16] Harris, B., Regan, T., Schueler, J., & Fields, S. A. (2020). Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00672

[17] Harwood, J., Dooley, J. J., Scott, A. J., & Joiner, R. (2014). Constantly connected - The effects of smart-devices on mental health. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.006

[18] Hiniker, A., Hong, S., Kohno, T., & Kientz, J. A. (2016). MyTime: Designing and evaluating an intervention for smartphone non-use. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 4746–4757. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858403

[19] Jeong, S. H., Kim, H. J., Yum, J. Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035

[20] Katevas, K., Arapakis, I., & Pielot, M. (2018). Typical phone use habits: Intense use does not predict negative well-being. MobileHCI 2018 - Beyond Mobile: The Next 20 Years - 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/3229434.3229441

[21] Kim, J., Park, J., Lee, H., Ko, M., & Lee, U. (2019). LocknType: Lockout task intervention for discouraging smartphone app use. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300927

[22] Kim, S.-K., & Kang, H.-B. (2018). An analysis of smartphone overuse recognition in terms of emotions using brainwaves and deep learning. Neurocomputing, 275, 1393–1406.

[23] Király, O., Potenza, M. N., Stein, D. J., King, D. L., Hodgins, D. C., Saunders, J. B., Griffiths, M. D., Gjoneska, B., Billieux, J., Brand, M., Abbott, M. W., Chamberlain, S. R., Corazza, O., Burkauskas, J., Sales, C. M. D., Montag, C., Lochner, C., Grünblatt, E., Wegmann, E., … Demetrovics, Z. (2020). Preventing problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus guidance. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 100, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180

[24] Ko, M., Yang, S., Lee, J., Heizmann, C., Jeong, J., Lee, U., Shin, D., Yatani, K., Song, J., & Chung, K.-M. M. (2015). NUGU: A Group-based Intervention App for Improving Self-Regulation of Limiting Smartphone Use. CSCW 2015 - Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 1235–1245. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675244

[25] Kühn, L., Hermann, C., & Boer, L. (2019). Design Research Themes for Mindful Interaction.

[26] Lanette, S., Chua, P. K., Hayes, G., & Mazmanian, M. (2018). How much is’ too much’? The role of a smartphone addiction narrative in individuals’ experience of use. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1–22.

[27] Lee, U., Lee, J., Ko, M., Lee, C., Kim, Y., Yang, S., Yatani, K., Gweon, G., Chung, K.-M. M., & Song, J. (2014). Hooked on Smartphones: An Exploratory Study on Smartphone Overuse among College Students. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2327–2336. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557366

[28] Liao, M., & Sundar, S. S. (2022). Sound of silence: Does Muting Notifications Reduce Phone Use? Computers in Human Behavior, 107338.

[29] Lolla, S., & Sas, C. (2023). Evaluating Mobile Apps Targeting Personal Goals. Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–7.

[30] Lukoff, K., Yu, C., Kientz, J., & Hiniker, A. (2018). What Makes Smartphone Use Meaningful or Meaningless? Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol, 2(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3191754

[31] Lyngs, U., Lukoff, K., Slovak, P., Binns, R., Slack, A., Inzlicht, M., Kleek, M. Van, & Shadbolt, N. (2019). Self-Control in Cyberspace: Applying Dual Systems Theory to a Review of Digital Self-Control Tools. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300361

[32] Meier, A. (2022). Studying problems, not problematic usage: Do mobile checking habits increase procrastination and decrease well-being? Mobile Media & Communication, 10(2), 272–293.

[33] Mekler, E. D., & Hornbæk, K. (2019). A framework for the experience of meaning in human-computer interaction. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300455

[34] Merčun, T., & Žumer, M. (2017). Exploring the influences on pragmatic and hedonic aspects of user experience.

[35] Najar, S., Kirsch-Pinheiro, M., & Souveyet, C. (2011). Towards semantic modeling of intentional Pervasive Information Systems. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1145/2031325.2031330

[36] Roffarello, A. M., De, L., & De Russis, L. (2021). Understanding, Discovering, and Mitigating Habitual Smartphone Use in Young Adults. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst, 11(13). https://doi.org/10.1145/3447991

[37] Roffarello, A. M., & De Russis, L. (2019). The Race Towards Digital Wellbeing: Issues and Opportunities. 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300616

[38] Sela, A., Rozenboim, N., & Ben-Gal, H. C. (2022). Smartphone use behavior and quality of life: What is the role of awareness? PloS One, 17(3), e0260637.

[39] Singh, M. K. K., & Samah, N. A. (2018). Impact of smartphone: A review on positive and negative effects on students. Asian Social Science, 14(11), 83–89.

[40] Stepanovic, M., Boer, L., & Jenkins, T. (2022). Reconfiguring the Smartphone to Support Intentional Use. Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference, 1–9.

[41] Terzimehić, N., Häuslschmid, R., Hussmann, H., & Schraefel, M. C. (2019). A review & analysis of mindfulness research in HCI: Framing current lines of research and future opportunities. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13.

[42] van Velthoven, M. H., Powell, J., & Powell, G. (2018). Problematic smartphone use: Digital approaches to an emerging public health problem. DIGITAL HEALTH, 4, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207618759167

[43] Wang, J., Wang, P., Yang, X., Zhang, G., Wang, X. C., Zhao, F., Zhao, M., & Lei, L. (2019). Fear of Missing Out and Procrastination as Mediators Between Sensation Seeking and Adolescent Smartphone Addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(4), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00106-0

[44] Xu, X., Zou, T., Xiao, H., Li, Y., Wang, R., Yuan, T., Wang, Y., Shi, Y., Mankoff, J., & Dey, A. K. (2022). TypeOut: Leveraging Just-in-Time Self-Affirmation for Smartphone Overuse Reduction. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–17.

[45] Yoon, S., & Lee, K. (2015). A study on notification system design of smartphone messenger considering the user’s stress. Archives of Design Research, 28(2), 75–88.

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Patterns of Meaningful and Meaningless Smartphone Use: A Diary Study

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