African rural labour, income diversification &amp; livelihood approaches: a long‐term development perspective

Bryceson, Deborah Fahy

doi:10.1080/03056249908704377

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Review of African Political Economy

Volume 26, Issue 80

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African rural labour, income diversification & livelihood approaches: a long‐term development perspective

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Author(s): Deborah Fahy Bryceson ^a

Publication date (Print): June 1999

Journal: Review of African Political Economy

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Journal ID (publisher-id): crea20

Journal ID (archive): CREA

Title: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

ISSN (Print): 0305-6244

ISSN (Electronic): 1740-1720

Publication date (Print): June 1999

Volume: 26

Issue: 80

Pages: 171-189

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^a African Studies Centre , University of Leiden

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Publisher ID: 8704377 Coden ID: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 26, No. 80, June 1999, pp. 171-189

DOI: 10.1080/03056249908704377

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Bibliography

Bangura Y. . 1994. . ‘Economic Restructuring, Coping Strategies and Social Change: Implications for Institutional Development in Africa’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 25((4)): 785––827. .
Berkvens R. . November. 1997 . “‘Backing Two Horses: Interaction of Agricultural and Non‐Agricultural Household Activities in a Zimbabwean Communal Area’. ”. (Afrika‐Studiecentrum Working Paper). Vol. Vol 24. , November. , Leiden :
Bruijn M and Dijk H van. . 1994. . ‘Drought and Coping Strategies in Fulbe Society in the Hayre’. . Cahiers d'etudes Africaines . , Vol. 34((133/135)): 85––108. .
Bryceson D F. . 1980. . ‘The Proletarianization of Women in Tanzania’. . Review of African Political Economy . ,
Hodd M. , ed. 1988. . “‘Household, Hoe and Nation: Development Policies of the Nyerere Era’. ”. In Tanzania after Nyerere . , London : : Pinter Publishers Limited. .
1990. . Food Insecurity and the Social Division of Labour in Tanzania, 1919–1985 . , Basingstoke : : Macmillan. .
1993. . Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade . , London : : James Currey Publishers. .
1996a. . ‘Deagrarianization and Rural Employment in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Sectoral Perspective’. . World Development . , Vol. 24((1)): 97––111. .
Schmied D. , ed. 1996b. . “‘Structural Adjustment in Tanzania: Rural Women Farmers’ Production Opportunity or Overload?’. ”. In Changing Rural Structures in Tanzania . , p. 1––30. . Munster : : Lit Verlag. .
Bryceson D F, Kay C and Mooij J. , eds. 2000. . “‘Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour Redundancy in the Neo‐liberal Era’. ”. In Disappearing Peasantries? . , London : : IT Publications. .
Bryceson D F and Howe J. . 1995. . “‘An Agrarian Continent in Transition’. ”. In Africa Now . , Edited by: Ellis S.. London : : James Currey Publishers. .
1997. . ‘African Rural Labour and the World Bank: An Alternative Perspective’. . Development in Practice . , Vol. 7((1)): 26––38. .
Bryceson D F and Jamal V. , eds. 1997. . Farewell to Farms: De‐agrarianisation and Employment in Africa . , Avebury : : Ashgate. .
Campbell J. . 1987. . “Strategies for Coping with Severe Food Deficits in Northeastern Africa’. . Northeast African Studies . , Vol. 9((2)): 43––54. .
Carney D. . January. 1999 . “‘Approaches to Sustainable Livelihoods for the Rural Poor’. ”. (ODI Poverty Briefing 2). January. ,
Carswell G. . 1997. . “‘Agricultural Intensification and Rural Sustainable Livelihoods: A “Think Piece"’. ”. (IDS Working Paper 64.).
Chuta E and Leidholm C. . 1975. . “‘The Role of Small‐Scale Industry in Employment Generation and Rural Development: Initial Research Results from Sierra Leone’. ”. (African Rural Employment Paper No. 11). Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. .
1979. . “‘Rural Non‐Farm Employment: A Review of the State of the Art’. ”. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. .
Chuta E and Sethuraman S V. , eds. 1985. . Rural Small‐Scale Industries and Employment in Africa and Asia . , Geneva : : ILO. .
Collier P and Gunning J W. . 1997. . “‘Explaining African Economic Performance’. ”. (Centre for the Study of African Economics Working Paper 97–2.1.). University of Oxford. .
Cooksey B. . 1994. . “‘Who's Poor in Tanzania? A Review of Recent Poverty Research’. ”. In Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania: Recent Research Issues . , Edited by: Bagachwa M S D. . Dar es Salaam University Press. .
Cooper F. . 1996. . Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa . , Cambridge University Press. .
Dercon S and Krishnan P. . 1996. . ‘Income Portfolios in Rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and Constraints’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 32((6)): 850––75. .
Ellis F. . 1998. . “Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 35((1))
Goodman D and Watts M. , eds. 1997. . Globalising Food . , London : : Routledge. .
Haggblade S, Hazell P and Brown J. . 1989. . ‘Farm‐Nonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . World Development . , Vol. 17((8)): 1173––1201. .
Hanmer L, Pyatt G and White H. . 1997. . Poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn from the World Bank's Poverty Assessments? . , The Hague : : Institute of Social Studies. .
Iliya M and Swindell K. . 1997. . “‘Winners and Losers: Household Fortunes in the Urban Peripheries of Northern Nigeria’. ”. In Farewell to Farms . , Edited by: Bryceson D F and Jamal V. . Avebury : : Ashgate. .
Jambiya G L K. . 1998. . “‘The Dynamics of Population, Land Scarcity, Agriculture and Non‐Agricultural Activities: West Usambara Mountains, Lushoto District, Tanzania’. ”. (University of Dar es Salaam Working Paper). Vol. Vol. 28.. , Leiden : : Afrika‐Studiecentrum/ Institute of Resource Assessment. .
Kilby P. . 1986. . “‘The Non‐farm Rural Economy’. ”. (EDI Course Note.). Washington , DC : : World Bank. .
Konter J H. . 1974. . Facts and Factors in the Rural Economy of the Nyakyusa, Tanzania . , Leiden , , The Netherlands: : Afrika‐Studiecentrum. .
Liedholm C and Mead D. . 1986. . “‘Small Scale Enterprises in Developing Countries: A Review of the State of the Art’. ”. (MSU International Development Paper No. 30.). Michigan State University. .
Livingstone I. . 1991. . ‘A Reassessment of Kenya's Rural and Urban Informal Sector’. . World Development . , Vol. 19((6)): 651––70. .
Madulu F. . 1998. . “Changing Lifestyle in Farming Societies of Sukumaland: Kwimba District, Tanzania’. ”. (University of Dar es Salaam Working Paper). Vol. Vol. 27. , Leiden : : Afrika‐Studiecentrum/Institute of Resource Assessment. .
Mbilinyi M. . ‘The End of Small‐Holder Farming?’. In: . Paper presented at the TGNP Seminar; . August. 1997 ; . Dar es Salaam. .
Meagher K. . 2000. . “‘Veiled Conflicts: Peasant Differentiation, Gender and Structural Adjustment in Nigerian Hausaland’. ”. In Disappearing Peasantries: Rural Labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America . , Edited by: Bryceson D F, Kay C and Mooij J. . London : : IT Publications. .
Meagher K and Mustapha A R. . 1997. . “‘Not by Farming Alone: The Role of Non‐Farm Incomes in Rural Hausaland’. ”. In Farewell to Farms . , Edited by: Bryceson D F and Jamal V. . Aldershot : : Ashgate. .
Meillassoux C. . 1981. . Maidens, Meal and Money . , New York : : Cambridge University Press. .
Mung'ong'o C. . 1995. . “‘Social Process and Ecology in the Kondoa Irangi Hills, Central Tanzania’. ”. (Meddelanden series B 93). Stockholm University. .
1998. . “‘Coming Full Circle: Agriculture, Non‐Farm Activities and the Resurgence of Out‐Migration in Njombe District, Tanzania’. ”. Vol. Vol. 26. , Afrika‐Studiecentrum, Leiden/Institute of Resource Assessment. .
Mwamfupe D. . 1998. . “‘Changing Village Land, Labour and Livelihoods: Rungwe and Kyela Districts, Tanzania’. ”. (University of Dar es Salaam Working Paper). Vol. Vol. 29. , Afrika‐Studiecentrum, Leiden/Institute of Resource Assessment. .
Narayan D. . 1997. . “‘Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania’. ”. (World Bank Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series 20.). Washington , DC :
Orde‐Browne G St. J. . 1926. . Labour in the Tanganyika Territory . , London : : HMSO. .
1933. . The African Labourer . , London : : Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. .
1946. . Labour Conditions in East Africa . , London : : HMSO. .
Pietilä T. . “‘Drinking Mothers Feeding Children: Market Women and Gender Politics in Kilimanjaro’. ”. In Africa through the Drinking Glass: Mixing Business, Pleasure and Politics . Edited by: Bryceson D F and Tellegen N. . forthcoming :
Raikes P. . 1988. . Modernizing Hunger . , London : : James Currey. .
Reardon T, Delgado C and Matlon P. . 1992. . ‘Determinants and Effects of Income Diversification amongst Farm Households in Burkina Faso’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 28((2)): 264––96. .
Reardon T. . 1997. . ‘Using Evidence of Household Income Diversification to Inform Study of the Rural Nonfarm Labor Market in Africa’. . World Development . , Vol. 25((5)): 735––47. .
Sen A K. . 1980. . Poverty and Famines . , Oxford : : Clarendon Press. .
Sender J and Smith S. . 1990. . Poverty, Class and Gender in Rural Africa: A Tanzanian Case Study . , London : : Routledge. .
Swift J. . ‘Factors Influencing the Dynamics of Livelihood Diversification and Rural Non‐Farm Employment in Space and Time’. In: . UK DFID Natural Resource Advisors Conference; . July. 1998 ; .
Tacoli C. . 1998. . Bridging the Divide: Rural‐Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies . , (Gatekeeper Series No. 77.). International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). .
Tellegen N. . 1997. . Rural Enterprises in Malawi: Necessity or Opportunity? . , Avebury : : Ashgate. .
Wolpe H. . 1972. . ‘Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power’. . Economy and Society . , Vol. 1:
World Bank. . 1993. . “‘Tanzania: A Poverty Profile’. ”. Washington , DC :
1994. . “‘Adjustment in Africa: Reform, Results and the Road Ahead’. ”. New York : : Oxford University Press. .
1995a. . “‘Labor and the Growth Crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Regional Perspectives’. ”. Washington , DC :
1995b. . “‘World Development Report 1995: Workers in an Integrating World’. ”. New York : : Oxford University Press. .
Zoomers A‐L. . 1999. . Linking Livelihood Strategies to Development: Experiences from the Bolivian Andes . , Amsterdam : : Royal Tropical Institute. .

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Bangura Y. . 1994. . ‘Economic Restructuring, Coping Strategies and Social Change: Implications for Institutional Development in Africa’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 25((4)): 785––827. .

[2] Berkvens R. . November. 1997 . “‘Backing Two Horses: Interaction of Agricultural and Non‐Agricultural Household Activities in a Zimbabwean Communal Area’. ”. (Afrika‐Studiecentrum Working Paper). Vol. Vol 24. , November. , Leiden :

[3] Bruijn M and Dijk H van. . 1994. . ‘Drought and Coping Strategies in Fulbe Society in the Hayre’. . Cahiers d'etudes Africaines . , Vol. 34((133/135)): 85––108. .

[4] Bryceson D F. . 1980. . ‘The Proletarianization of Women in Tanzania’. . Review of African Political Economy . ,

[5] Hodd M. , ed. 1988. . “‘Household, Hoe and Nation: Development Policies of the Nyerere Era’. ”. In Tanzania after Nyerere . , London : : Pinter Publishers Limited. .

[6] 1990. . Food Insecurity and the Social Division of Labour in Tanzania, 1919–1985 . , Basingstoke : : Macmillan. .

[7] 1993. . Liberalizing Tanzania's Food Trade . , London : : James Currey Publishers. .

[8] 1996a. . ‘Deagrarianization and Rural Employment in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Sectoral Perspective’. . World Development . , Vol. 24((1)): 97––111. .

[9] Schmied D. , ed. 1996b. . “‘Structural Adjustment in Tanzania: Rural Women Farmers’ Production Opportunity or Overload?’. ”. In Changing Rural Structures in Tanzania . , p. 1––30. . Munster : : Lit Verlag. .

[10] Bryceson D F, Kay C and Mooij J. , eds. 2000. . “‘Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour Redundancy in the Neo‐liberal Era’. ”. In Disappearing Peasantries? . , London : : IT Publications. .

[11] Bryceson D F and Howe J. . 1995. . “‘An Agrarian Continent in Transition’. ”. In Africa Now . , Edited by: Ellis S.. London : : James Currey Publishers. .

[12] 1997. . ‘African Rural Labour and the World Bank: An Alternative Perspective’. . Development in Practice . , Vol. 7((1)): 26––38. .

[13] Bryceson D F and Jamal V. , eds. 1997. . Farewell to Farms: De‐agrarianisation and Employment in Africa . , Avebury : : Ashgate. .

[14] Campbell J. . 1987. . “Strategies for Coping with Severe Food Deficits in Northeastern Africa’. . Northeast African Studies . , Vol. 9((2)): 43––54. .

[15] Carney D. . January. 1999 . “‘Approaches to Sustainable Livelihoods for the Rural Poor’. ”. (ODI Poverty Briefing 2). January. ,

[16] Carswell G. . 1997. . “‘Agricultural Intensification and Rural Sustainable Livelihoods: A “Think Piece"’. ”. (IDS Working Paper 64.).

[17] Chuta E and Leidholm C. . 1975. . “‘The Role of Small‐Scale Industry in Employment Generation and Rural Development: Initial Research Results from Sierra Leone’. ”. (African Rural Employment Paper No. 11). Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. .

[18] 1979. . “‘Rural Non‐Farm Employment: A Review of the State of the Art’. ”. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. .

[19] Chuta E and Sethuraman S V. , eds. 1985. . Rural Small‐Scale Industries and Employment in Africa and Asia . , Geneva : : ILO. .

[20] Collier P and Gunning J W. . 1997. . “‘Explaining African Economic Performance’. ”. (Centre for the Study of African Economics Working Paper 97–2.1.). University of Oxford. .

[21] Cooksey B. . 1994. . “‘Who's Poor in Tanzania? A Review of Recent Poverty Research’. ”. In Poverty Alleviation in Tanzania: Recent Research Issues . , Edited by: Bagachwa M S D. . Dar es Salaam University Press. .

[22] Cooper F. . 1996. . Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa . , Cambridge University Press. .

[23] Dercon S and Krishnan P. . 1996. . ‘Income Portfolios in Rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and Constraints’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 32((6)): 850––75. .

[24] Ellis F. . 1998. . “Household Strategies and Rural Livelihood Diversification’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 35((1))

[25] Goodman D and Watts M. , eds. 1997. . Globalising Food . , London : : Routledge. .

[26] Haggblade S, Hazell P and Brown J. . 1989. . ‘Farm‐Nonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . World Development . , Vol. 17((8)): 1173––1201. .

[27] Hanmer L, Pyatt G and White H. . 1997. . Poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn from the World Bank's Poverty Assessments? . , The Hague : : Institute of Social Studies. .

[28] Iliya M and Swindell K. . 1997. . “‘Winners and Losers: Household Fortunes in the Urban Peripheries of Northern Nigeria’. ”. In Farewell to Farms . , Edited by: Bryceson D F and Jamal V. . Avebury : : Ashgate. .

[29] Jambiya G L K. . 1998. . “‘The Dynamics of Population, Land Scarcity, Agriculture and Non‐Agricultural Activities: West Usambara Mountains, Lushoto District, Tanzania’. ”. (University of Dar es Salaam Working Paper). Vol. Vol. 28.. , Leiden : : Afrika‐Studiecentrum/ Institute of Resource Assessment. .

[30] Kilby P. . 1986. . “‘The Non‐farm Rural Economy’. ”. (EDI Course Note.). Washington , DC : : World Bank. .

[31] Konter J H. . 1974. . Facts and Factors in the Rural Economy of the Nyakyusa, Tanzania . , Leiden , , The Netherlands: : Afrika‐Studiecentrum. .

[32] Liedholm C and Mead D. . 1986. . “‘Small Scale Enterprises in Developing Countries: A Review of the State of the Art’. ”. (MSU International Development Paper No. 30.). Michigan State University. .

[33] Livingstone I. . 1991. . ‘A Reassessment of Kenya's Rural and Urban Informal Sector’. . World Development . , Vol. 19((6)): 651––70. .

[34] Madulu F. . 1998. . “Changing Lifestyle in Farming Societies of Sukumaland: Kwimba District, Tanzania’. ”. (University of Dar es Salaam Working Paper). Vol. Vol. 27. , Leiden : : Afrika‐Studiecentrum/Institute of Resource Assessment. .

[35] Mbilinyi M. . ‘The End of Small‐Holder Farming?’. In: . Paper presented at the TGNP Seminar; . August. 1997 ; . Dar es Salaam. .

[36] Meagher K. . 2000. . “‘Veiled Conflicts: Peasant Differentiation, Gender and Structural Adjustment in Nigerian Hausaland’. ”. In Disappearing Peasantries: Rural Labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America . , Edited by: Bryceson D F, Kay C and Mooij J. . London : : IT Publications. .

[37] Meagher K and Mustapha A R. . 1997. . “‘Not by Farming Alone: The Role of Non‐Farm Incomes in Rural Hausaland’. ”. In Farewell to Farms . , Edited by: Bryceson D F and Jamal V. . Aldershot : : Ashgate. .

[38] Meillassoux C. . 1981. . Maidens, Meal and Money . , New York : : Cambridge University Press. .

[39] Mung'ong'o C. . 1995. . “‘Social Process and Ecology in the Kondoa Irangi Hills, Central Tanzania’. ”. (Meddelanden series B 93). Stockholm University. .

[40] 1998. . “‘Coming Full Circle: Agriculture, Non‐Farm Activities and the Resurgence of Out‐Migration in Njombe District, Tanzania’. ”. Vol. Vol. 26. , Afrika‐Studiecentrum, Leiden/Institute of Resource Assessment. .

[41] Mwamfupe D. . 1998. . “‘Changing Village Land, Labour and Livelihoods: Rungwe and Kyela Districts, Tanzania’. ”. (University of Dar es Salaam Working Paper). Vol. Vol. 29. , Afrika‐Studiecentrum, Leiden/Institute of Resource Assessment. .

[42] Narayan D. . 1997. . “‘Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania’. ”. (World Bank Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series 20.). Washington , DC :

[43] Orde‐Browne G St. J. . 1926. . Labour in the Tanganyika Territory . , London : : HMSO. .

[44] 1933. . The African Labourer . , London : : Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. .

[45] 1946. . Labour Conditions in East Africa . , London : : HMSO. .

[46] Pietilä T. . “‘Drinking Mothers Feeding Children: Market Women and Gender Politics in Kilimanjaro’. ”. In Africa through the Drinking Glass: Mixing Business, Pleasure and Politics . Edited by: Bryceson D F and Tellegen N. . forthcoming :

[47] Raikes P. . 1988. . Modernizing Hunger . , London : : James Currey. .

[48] Reardon T, Delgado C and Matlon P. . 1992. . ‘Determinants and Effects of Income Diversification amongst Farm Households in Burkina Faso’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 28((2)): 264––96. .

[49] Reardon T. . 1997. . ‘Using Evidence of Household Income Diversification to Inform Study of the Rural Nonfarm Labor Market in Africa’. . World Development . , Vol. 25((5)): 735––47. .

[50] Sen A K. . 1980. . Poverty and Famines . , Oxford : : Clarendon Press. .

[51] Sender J and Smith S. . 1990. . Poverty, Class and Gender in Rural Africa: A Tanzanian Case Study . , London : : Routledge. .

[52] Swift J. . ‘Factors Influencing the Dynamics of Livelihood Diversification and Rural Non‐Farm Employment in Space and Time’. In: . UK DFID Natural Resource Advisors Conference; . July. 1998 ; .

[53] Tacoli C. . 1998. . Bridging the Divide: Rural‐Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies . , (Gatekeeper Series No. 77.). International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). .

[54] Tellegen N. . 1997. . Rural Enterprises in Malawi: Necessity or Opportunity? . , Avebury : : Ashgate. .

[55] Wolpe H. . 1972. . ‘Capitalism and Cheap Labour Power’. . Economy and Society . , Vol. 1:

[56] World Bank. . 1993. . “‘Tanzania: A Poverty Profile’. ”. Washington , DC :

[57] 1994. . “‘Adjustment in Africa: Reform, Results and the Road Ahead’. ”. New York : : Oxford University Press. .

[58] 1995a. . “‘Labor and the Growth Crisis in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Regional Perspectives’. ”. Washington , DC :

[59] 1995b. . “‘World Development Report 1995: Workers in an Integrating World’. ”. New York : : Oxford University Press. .

[60] Zoomers A‐L. . 1999. . Linking Livelihood Strategies to Development: Experiences from the Bolivian Andes . , Amsterdam : : Royal Tropical Institute. .