Social differentiation in the communal lands of Zimbabwe

Cousins, Ben; Weiner, Dan; Amin, Nick

doi:10.1080/03056249208703936

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Review of African Political Economy

Volume 19, Issue 53

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Social differentiation in the communal lands of Zimbabwe

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Author(s): Ben Cousins ^a , Dan Weiner ^b , Nick Amin ^c

Publication date (Print): March 1992

Journal: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

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Journal ID (publisher-id): crea20

Journal ID (archive): CREA

Title: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

ISSN (Print): 0305-6244

ISSN (Electronic): 1740-1720

Publication date (Print): March 1992

Volume: 19

Issue: 53

Pages: 5-24

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^a Department of Anthropology , University of the Western Cape

^b Department of Geology and Geography , West Virginia University

^c Centre for African Studies , University of Cape Town

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Publisher ID: 8703936 Coden ID: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 19, No. 53, March 1992, pp. 5-24

DOI: 10.1080/03056249208703936

SO-VID: deb9735b-c4d3-4644-affb-caa2432d57ac

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 56, Pages: 20

Bibliographic Note

Adams J.. 1991a. . The Rural Labour Market in Zimbabwe’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 22:: 297––320. .
1991b. . ‘Female Wage Labour in Rural Zimbabwe’. . World Development . , Vol. 19((2/3)): 163––177. .
Amin N.. 1991. . “‘Peasant Differentiation and Food Security in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Working Paper No.1, SSRC Project on African Agriculture . , New York : : Social Sciences Research Council. .
Avila M.. 1985. . “‘Intra‐ and Inter‐household Decision Making in the Mangwende and Chivi Communal Areas: Preliminary Results’. ”. In Farming Systems Research Unit (mimeo) . Harare :
Bernstein H.. 1977. . “Notes on Capital and Peasantry”. . ROAPE . , Vol. 10:: 60––73. .
Scott A.M.. , ed. 1986. . “‘Capitalism and Petty Commodity Production’. ”. In Rethinking Petty Commodity Production, Special Issue Series of Social Analysis . Vol. Vol. 20. ,
L. Bessant , Coercive Development: Peasant Economy, Politics and Land in the Chiweshe Reserve, 1940–1966 , Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University , 1987
Bonnevie H.. 1987. . “‘Migration and Malformation: Case Studies from Zimbabwe’. ”. In CDR Project Paper A.87.1 . , Copenhagen : : Centre for Development Research. .
Bratton M.. 1990. . “Ten Years After: Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe, 1980–1990’. ”. In Agrarian Reform and Grass Roots Development . , Edited by: Prosterman R.. Boulder : : Lynne Rienner. .
Bruce J.W.. 1990. . “Legal Issues in Land Use and Resettlement – A Background Paper’. ”. In Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum . , World Bank. .
Bush R. and Cliffe L.. 1984. . ‘Agrarian Policy in Migrant Labour Societies: Reform or Transformation in Zimbabwe'. . ROAPE . , Vol. 29:: 77––94. .
Bush R., L‐Cliffe and Jansen V.. 1986. . “The Crisis in the Reproduction of Migrant Labour in Southern Africa’. ”. In World Recession and the Food Crisis in Africa . , Edited by: Lawrence P.. London : : James Curry. .
Cheater A.P.. The Ideology of “Communal Land Tenure” in Zimbabwe: Mythogenesis Enacted?’. In: . paper presented to Conference on Land Policy After Lancaster. , February. . Harare : : University of Zimbabwe. .
Cliffe L.. 1986. . Policy Options for Agrarian Reform: A Technical Appraisal . , Harare : : FAO. .
Stoneman C.. , ed. 1988. . “The Prospects for Agricultural Transformation in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Zimbabwe's Prospects: Issues of Race, Class, State and Capital in Southern Africa . , London : : Macmillan. .
Cooper F.. 1981. . ‘Peasants, Capitalists and Historians’. . Journal of Southern African Studies . , Vol. 7((2)): 284––314. .
Coudere H. and Marijsse S.. 1988. . ‘Rich and Poor in Mutoko Communal Area’. . Zimbabwe Journal of Economics . , Vol. 2((l)): l––25. .
Cousins B.. , ed. 1989. . “Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe, GTZ and Centre for Applied Social Sciences. ”. In People, Land and Livestock . , Harare : : University of Zimbabwe. .
March. 1990 . “‘A Stone Unturned: Local Political Dynamics and the Transfer of Technology in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe’. ”. In Proceedings of the Agritex Regional Workshop on Research, Training and Education on Rural Technology . March. , p. 26––30. . Harare :
1990b. . “‘Livestock Production and Grazing Rights in Communal Lands and Resettlement Schemes in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Background Paper, Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum . , World Bank. .
Deere C. and de Janvry A.. 1979. . ‘A Conceptual Framework for the Empirical Analysis of Peasants’. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics . , Vol. 61((4)): 167––91. .
Derman B.. 1990. . “The Unsettling of the Zambezi Valley: An Examination of the mid‐Zambezi Rural Development Project’. ”. In Seminar Paper, CASS . , University of Zimbabwe. .
Dopcke W.. 1985. . “‘State and Peasants in Mazoe District in the 1930s’. ”. In Henderson Seminar Papers, No.63 . , Harare : : Department of Economic History, University of Zimbabwe. .
Drinkwater M.J.. 1987. . “‘Loans and Manure: the Dilemma of Access’. ”. In Working Paper . , Department of Sociology, University of Zimbabwe. .
Friedmann H.. 1980. . Household Production and the National Economy: Concepts for the Analysis of Agrarian Formations’. . Journal of Peasant Studies . , Vol. 7:: 158––184. .
Gibbon P. and Neocosmos M.. 1985. . “‘Some Problems in the Political Economy of African Socialism’. ”. In Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa: Studies in Economy and State . , Edited by: Bernstein H. and Campbell B. K.. Beverly Hills : : Sage. .
A. Giddens , A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism , ( Vol 1 , Power, Property and the State), University of California Press : Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1981 .
A.H.J. Helmsing , ‘Non‐agricultural Enterprise in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe: Preliminary Results of a Survey” , RUP Occasional Paper No.10. Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe , Harare , 1987
Jackson J. C.. 1989. . “‘Exploring Livestock Incomes in Zimbabwe's Communal Lands’. ”. In People, Land and Livestock, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe, GTZ and Centre for Applied Social Sciences . , Edited by: Cousins B.. Harare : : University of Zimbabwe. .
Jackson J.C., Collier P. and Conti A.. 1987. . Rural Development Policies and Food Security in Zimbabwe: Part II . , Geneva : : ILO. .
Kriger N.. 1988. . The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles Within the Struggle’. . Journal of Southern African Studies . , Vol. 14((2)): 304––322. .
Levin R. and Neocosmos M.. 1987. . The Agrarian Ouestion and Class Contradictions in South Africa: Some Theoretical Issues for Consideration’. . Africa Perspective . , Vol. 1((5/6)): 61––93. .
Leys R.. 1986. . “‘Drought and Drought Relief in Southern Zimbabwe’. ”. In World Recession and the Food Crisis in Africa . , Edited by: Lawrence P.. London : : James Currey/ROAPE. .
Maboreke M.. The Gender Dimension to the Land Question in Zimbabwe’. In: . Paper presented to Conference on Land Policy After Lancaster, February 1990. , Harare :
Mosley P.. 1983. . The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1900–1963 . , Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .
Moyo S.. 1986. . “The Land Question’. ”. In Zimbabwe, The Political Economy of Transition: 1980–1986 . , Edited by: Mandaza l.. Dakar : : Codesria. .
Muchena M.. 1989. . “The Effect of Ox Sharing Arrangements on the Supply and Use of Draught Animals in the Commmunal Areas of Zimbabwe – Preliminary Findings’. ”. In People, Land and Livestock, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe . , Edited by: Cousins B.. Harare : : GTZ and Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. .
Murray C.. 1987. . ‘Class, Gender and the Household: the Developmental Cycle in Southern Africa’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 18:: 235––249. .
National Farmer's Association of Zimbabwe (NFAZ) , 1989 . ‘Proposals for Land Reform and Distribution Policy’ (Draft/mimeo) Harare
Otzen U.. 1988. . Development Management From Below, German Development Institute . Berlin :
D. Pankhurst , The Dynamics of the Relations of Production and Reproduction in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas , Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis, University of Liverpool , 1988
Parson J.. 1981. . ‘Cattle Class and the State in Rural Botswana’. . Journal of Southern African Studies . , Vol. 7((2)): 236––255. .
Phimister I.. 1988. . An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe, 1980–1988: Capital Accumulation and Class Struggle . , London : : Longman. .
T. Ranger , Peasant Consciousness and Guerilla War in Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe Publishing House . Harare , 1985
April. 1988 . The Communal Lands of Zimbabwe’, Paper presented to Symposium on Land in African Agrarian Systems . , April. , p. 10––12. . Urbana/Champaign : : University of Illinois. .
1987. . Republic of Zimbabwe, Report on the National Symposium on Agrarian Reform, Ministry of Local Government . , Harare : : Rural and Urban Planning. .
I. Scoones , ‘Livestock Populations and the Household Economy: a Case Study from Southern Zimbabwe’ , Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of London , 1990
I, Scoones and Cousins B. (forthcoming), ‘A Participatory Model of Agricultural Research and Extension: the Case of VIeis, Trees and Grazing Schemes in the Dry South of Zimbabwe’ Zambezia
Scoones I. and Wilson K.. 1989. . “Households, Lineage Groups and Ecological Dynamics: Issues for Livestock Research and Development in Zimbabwe's Communal Lands’. ”. In People, Land and Livestock, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe . Edited by: Cousins B.. Harare :
Scott A.M.. 1986. . “Towards a Rethinking of Petty Commodity Production’. ”. In Rethinking Petty Commodity Production, Special Issue Series of Social Analysis . Edited by: Scott A.M.. Vol. Vol. 20. ,
Stoneman C.. ‘Jobs or Markets: Lessons from Zimbabwe’. In: . Paper presented to Centre for African Studies; . October. . University of Cape Town. .
Weiner D.. 1988. . “Land and Agricultural Development’. ”. In Zimbabwe's Prospects . , Edited by: Stoneman C. . London : : Macmillan. .
1991. . ‘Socialist Transition in the Capitalist Periphery: A Case Study of Agriculture in Zimbabwe’. . Political Geography Quarterly . , Vol. 10((1)): 54––75. .
Weiner D. and Harris T.. 1991. . “‘Agricultural Development in Zimbabwe: Transition in a Labour Reserve Economy’. ”. In Rethinking Agricultural Transformation in Southern Africa . , Edited by: Seidman A. and et al. . Trenton : : Africa World Press. .
Whitlow R.. 1988. . Land Degradation in Zimbabwe: A Geographic Study, Department of Natural Resources . Harare :
Zvogbo R.. 1986. . “‘Education and the Challenge of Independence’. ”. In Zimbabwe: The Political Economy of Transition: 1980–1986 . , Edited by: Mandaza I.. Dakar : : Codesria. .

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Adams J.. 1991a. . The Rural Labour Market in Zimbabwe’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 22:: 297––320. .

[2] 1991b. . ‘Female Wage Labour in Rural Zimbabwe’. . World Development . , Vol. 19((2/3)): 163––177. .

[3] Amin N.. 1991. . “‘Peasant Differentiation and Food Security in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Working Paper No.1, SSRC Project on African Agriculture . , New York : : Social Sciences Research Council. .

[4] Avila M.. 1985. . “‘Intra‐ and Inter‐household Decision Making in the Mangwende and Chivi Communal Areas: Preliminary Results’. ”. In Farming Systems Research Unit (mimeo) . Harare :

[5] Bernstein H.. 1977. . “Notes on Capital and Peasantry”. . ROAPE . , Vol. 10:: 60––73. .

[6] Scott A.M.. , ed. 1986. . “‘Capitalism and Petty Commodity Production’. ”. In Rethinking Petty Commodity Production, Special Issue Series of Social Analysis . Vol. Vol. 20. ,

[7] L. Bessant , Coercive Development: Peasant Economy, Politics and Land in the Chiweshe Reserve, 1940–1966 , Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University , 1987

[8] Bonnevie H.. 1987. . “‘Migration and Malformation: Case Studies from Zimbabwe’. ”. In CDR Project Paper A.87.1 . , Copenhagen : : Centre for Development Research. .

[9] Bratton M.. 1990. . “Ten Years After: Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe, 1980–1990’. ”. In Agrarian Reform and Grass Roots Development . , Edited by: Prosterman R.. Boulder : : Lynne Rienner. .

[10] Bruce J.W.. 1990. . “Legal Issues in Land Use and Resettlement – A Background Paper’. ”. In Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum . , World Bank. .

[11] Bush R. and Cliffe L.. 1984. . ‘Agrarian Policy in Migrant Labour Societies: Reform or Transformation in Zimbabwe'. . ROAPE . , Vol. 29:: 77––94. .

[12] Bush R., L‐Cliffe and Jansen V.. 1986. . “The Crisis in the Reproduction of Migrant Labour in Southern Africa’. ”. In World Recession and the Food Crisis in Africa . , Edited by: Lawrence P.. London : : James Curry. .

[13] Cheater A.P.. The Ideology of “Communal Land Tenure” in Zimbabwe: Mythogenesis Enacted?’. In: . paper presented to Conference on Land Policy After Lancaster. , February. . Harare : : University of Zimbabwe. .

[14] Cliffe L.. 1986. . Policy Options for Agrarian Reform: A Technical Appraisal . , Harare : : FAO. .

[15] Stoneman C.. , ed. 1988. . “The Prospects for Agricultural Transformation in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Zimbabwe's Prospects: Issues of Race, Class, State and Capital in Southern Africa . , London : : Macmillan. .

[16] Cooper F.. 1981. . ‘Peasants, Capitalists and Historians’. . Journal of Southern African Studies . , Vol. 7((2)): 284––314. .

[17] Coudere H. and Marijsse S.. 1988. . ‘Rich and Poor in Mutoko Communal Area’. . Zimbabwe Journal of Economics . , Vol. 2((l)): l––25. .

[18] Cousins B.. , ed. 1989. . “Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe, GTZ and Centre for Applied Social Sciences. ”. In People, Land and Livestock . , Harare : : University of Zimbabwe. .

[19] March. 1990 . “‘A Stone Unturned: Local Political Dynamics and the Transfer of Technology in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe’. ”. In Proceedings of the Agritex Regional Workshop on Research, Training and Education on Rural Technology . March. , p. 26––30. . Harare :

[20] 1990b. . “‘Livestock Production and Grazing Rights in Communal Lands and Resettlement Schemes in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Background Paper, Zimbabwe Agriculture Sector Memorandum . , World Bank. .

[21] Deere C. and de Janvry A.. 1979. . ‘A Conceptual Framework for the Empirical Analysis of Peasants’. . American Journal of Agricultural Economics . , Vol. 61((4)): 167––91. .

[22] Derman B.. 1990. . “The Unsettling of the Zambezi Valley: An Examination of the mid‐Zambezi Rural Development Project’. ”. In Seminar Paper, CASS . , University of Zimbabwe. .

[23] Dopcke W.. 1985. . “‘State and Peasants in Mazoe District in the 1930s’. ”. In Henderson Seminar Papers, No.63 . , Harare : : Department of Economic History, University of Zimbabwe. .

[24] Drinkwater M.J.. 1987. . “‘Loans and Manure: the Dilemma of Access’. ”. In Working Paper . , Department of Sociology, University of Zimbabwe. .

[25] Friedmann H.. 1980. . Household Production and the National Economy: Concepts for the Analysis of Agrarian Formations’. . Journal of Peasant Studies . , Vol. 7:: 158––184. .

[26] Gibbon P. and Neocosmos M.. 1985. . “‘Some Problems in the Political Economy of African Socialism’. ”. In Contradictions of Accumulation in Africa: Studies in Economy and State . , Edited by: Bernstein H. and Campbell B. K.. Beverly Hills : : Sage. .

[27] A. Giddens , A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism , ( Vol 1 , Power, Property and the State), University of California Press : Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1981 .

[28] A.H.J. Helmsing , ‘Non‐agricultural Enterprise in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe: Preliminary Results of a Survey” , RUP Occasional Paper No.10. Department of Rural and Urban Planning, University of Zimbabwe , Harare , 1987

[29] Jackson J. C.. 1989. . “‘Exploring Livestock Incomes in Zimbabwe's Communal Lands’. ”. In People, Land and Livestock, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe, GTZ and Centre for Applied Social Sciences . , Edited by: Cousins B.. Harare : : University of Zimbabwe. .

[30] Jackson J.C., Collier P. and Conti A.. 1987. . Rural Development Policies and Food Security in Zimbabwe: Part II . , Geneva : : ILO. .

[31] Kriger N.. 1988. . The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles Within the Struggle’. . Journal of Southern African Studies . , Vol. 14((2)): 304––322. .

[32] Levin R. and Neocosmos M.. 1987. . The Agrarian Ouestion and Class Contradictions in South Africa: Some Theoretical Issues for Consideration’. . Africa Perspective . , Vol. 1((5/6)): 61––93. .

[33] Leys R.. 1986. . “‘Drought and Drought Relief in Southern Zimbabwe’. ”. In World Recession and the Food Crisis in Africa . , Edited by: Lawrence P.. London : : James Currey/ROAPE. .

[34] Maboreke M.. The Gender Dimension to the Land Question in Zimbabwe’. In: . Paper presented to Conference on Land Policy After Lancaster, February 1990. , Harare :

[35] Mosley P.. 1983. . The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1900–1963 . , Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .

[36] Moyo S.. 1986. . “The Land Question’. ”. In Zimbabwe, The Political Economy of Transition: 1980–1986 . , Edited by: Mandaza l.. Dakar : : Codesria. .

[37] Muchena M.. 1989. . “The Effect of Ox Sharing Arrangements on the Supply and Use of Draught Animals in the Commmunal Areas of Zimbabwe – Preliminary Findings’. ”. In People, Land and Livestock, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe . , Edited by: Cousins B.. Harare : : GTZ and Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. .

[38] Murray C.. 1987. . ‘Class, Gender and the Household: the Developmental Cycle in Southern Africa’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 18:: 235––249. .

[39] National Farmer's Association of Zimbabwe (NFAZ) , 1989 . ‘Proposals for Land Reform and Distribution Policy’ (Draft/mimeo) Harare

[40] Otzen U.. 1988. . Development Management From Below, German Development Institute . Berlin :

[41] D. Pankhurst , The Dynamics of the Relations of Production and Reproduction in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas , Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis, University of Liverpool , 1988

[42] Parson J.. 1981. . ‘Cattle Class and the State in Rural Botswana’. . Journal of Southern African Studies . , Vol. 7((2)): 236––255. .

[43] Phimister I.. 1988. . An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe, 1980–1988: Capital Accumulation and Class Struggle . , London : : Longman. .

[44] T. Ranger , Peasant Consciousness and Guerilla War in Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe Publishing House . Harare , 1985

[45] April. 1988 . The Communal Lands of Zimbabwe’, Paper presented to Symposium on Land in African Agrarian Systems . , April. , p. 10––12. . Urbana/Champaign : : University of Illinois. .

[46] 1987. . Republic of Zimbabwe, Report on the National Symposium on Agrarian Reform, Ministry of Local Government . , Harare : : Rural and Urban Planning. .

[47] I. Scoones , ‘Livestock Populations and the Household Economy: a Case Study from Southern Zimbabwe’ , Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of London , 1990

[48] I, Scoones and Cousins B. (forthcoming), ‘A Participatory Model of Agricultural Research and Extension: the Case of VIeis, Trees and Grazing Schemes in the Dry South of Zimbabwe’ Zambezia

[49] Scoones I. and Wilson K.. 1989. . “Households, Lineage Groups and Ecological Dynamics: Issues for Livestock Research and Development in Zimbabwe's Communal Lands’. ”. In People, Land and Livestock, Proceedings of a Workshop on the Socio‐economic Dimensions of Livestock Production in the Communal Lands of Zimbabwe . Edited by: Cousins B.. Harare :

[50] Scott A.M.. 1986. . “Towards a Rethinking of Petty Commodity Production’. ”. In Rethinking Petty Commodity Production, Special Issue Series of Social Analysis . Edited by: Scott A.M.. Vol. Vol. 20. ,

[51] Stoneman C.. ‘Jobs or Markets: Lessons from Zimbabwe’. In: . Paper presented to Centre for African Studies; . October. . University of Cape Town. .

[52] Weiner D.. 1988. . “Land and Agricultural Development’. ”. In Zimbabwe's Prospects . , Edited by: Stoneman C. . London : : Macmillan. .

[53] 1991. . ‘Socialist Transition in the Capitalist Periphery: A Case Study of Agriculture in Zimbabwe’. . Political Geography Quarterly . , Vol. 10((1)): 54––75. .

[54] Weiner D. and Harris T.. 1991. . “‘Agricultural Development in Zimbabwe: Transition in a Labour Reserve Economy’. ”. In Rethinking Agricultural Transformation in Southern Africa . , Edited by: Seidman A. and et al. . Trenton : : Africa World Press. .

[55] Whitlow R.. 1988. . Land Degradation in Zimbabwe: A Geographic Study, Department of Natural Resources . Harare :

[56] Zvogbo R.. 1986. . “‘Education and the Challenge of Independence’. ”. In Zimbabwe: The Political Economy of Transition: 1980–1986 . , Edited by: Mandaza I.. Dakar : : Codesria. .

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