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      Klärung der Ursachen der Apoptoseresistenz von kutanen T-Zel-Lymphomen und Entwicklung therapeutischer konzepte

      , PD Dr. (Referee), , Dr. (Referee), , Prof Dr. (Referee)
      Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, Humboldt-Universität
      Biologie, Apoptose, Apoptosis, Biowissenschaften, Biologie, WF 9895, NSAID, NSAID, CTCL, c-FLIP, Todesliganden, CTCL, c-FLIP, death ligand

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          Abstract

          Kutane T-Zell-Lymphome (CTCL) stellen eine heterogene Gruppe von non-Hodgkin-Lymphomen dar. Die häufigsten Entitäten sind die Mycosis fungoides, das Sézary-Syndrom sowie CD30+ lymphoproliferativen Erkrankungen (cALCL). Todesliganden-vermittelte Apoptose ist auch für die Lymphozyten-Homöostase von essentieller Bedeutung. Zunächst wurden die CTCL-Zelllinien mit systemischen T-Zell-Lymphomzellen hinsichtlich ihrer Apoptosesensitivität verglichen. Hierbei zeigte sich eine ausgesprochene Resistenz aller kutanen Zelllinien gegenüber TRAIL- und TNF-α-induzierter Apoptose. Anhand der Aktivierung der Caspasensignalkaskade war eine frühe Blockierung der Apoptose nachweisbar. Überdies konnte der Verlust von CD95, TNF-R1, Caspase-10 sowie von Bid in verschiedenen CTCL-Zelllinien nachgewiesen werden. Die Apoptoseresistenz konnte hingegen mit einer generellen und starken Expression des anti-apoptotischen Proteins c-FLIP korreliert werden. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss von CD30-Stimulation auf die durch CD95-induzierte Apoptose in CD30+-Zelllinien untersucht. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass CD30 Stimulation zur Aktivierung von NF-kB und zu erhöhter c-FLIP Expression führt, was mit Apoptoseresistenz korrelierte. Die Bedeutung der in vitro-Ergebnisse zeigte sich auch durch eine weitgehende Parallelität dieser zu untersuchten Biopsieproben von CTCL-Patienten. Schließlich wurden verschiedene NSAIDs auf ihre Fähigkeit hin untersucht, die Expression von c-FLIP zu vermindern und Apoptose zu induzieren. Dies wurde sowohl in CTCL-Zelllinien als auch in Tumor-T-Zellen von CTCL-Patienten untersucht. NSAIDs aktivierten beide Apoptosesignalwege und Diclofenac sensitiviert überdies für TRAIL-vermittelte Apoptose. In Ihrer Gesamtheit vermittelt die vorliegende Arbeit einen Einblick in die komplexen Apoptoseregulationsmechanismen in kutanen T-Zell-Lymphomen und identifiziert c-FLIP als einen zentralen Resistenzfaktor sowie NSAIDs als mögliche CTCL-Therapieoption.

          Abstract

          Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) form a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Its most frequent forms are Mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome and CD30-positive cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Death ligands critically contribute to lymphocyte homeostasis by induction of apoptosis and may further represent safeguard mechanisms to prevent lymphoma development and tumor growth. First, we analyzed induction of apoptosis by death ligands in CTCL cell lines and compared it to that in systemic T-cell lymphoma cells. This revealed for CTCL cells a pronounced resistance to death ligands. In particular, there was no caspase activation in non-responsive CTCL cells, indicating an early blockade of the apoptosis signal. Furthermore a loss of CD95, TNF-R1, caspase-10, as well as of Bid was found in several cell lines. Changes at the receptor expression level were largely ruled out, whereas, consistent and strong expression of c-FLIP was correlated with resistance. In addition, we investigated the CD30/CD95 crosstalk in CD95-sensitive cALCL cell lines. Experiments showed that CD30 ligation leads to NF-κB-mediated c-FLIP upregulation in cALCL cells, which in turn conferred resistance to CD95-induced apoptosis. Parallels with regard to expression of apoptosis regulators were seen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and biopsies of CTCL patients. Finally, we evaluated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for their capacity to downregulate c-FLIP expression and apoptosis induction in CTCL cells as well as in tumor T cells from CTCL patients. NSAID treatment resulted in an activation of both apoptosis signaling pathways and, furthermore, Diclofenac pre-treatment sensitized for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, this study elucidates defects in apoptosis regulation, proved the significance of c-FLIP for the survival of CTCL cells and provides a rationale for the use of NSAIDs as a potentially new therapeutic option for CTCL patients.

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          Most cited references125

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          Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009.

          Different types of cell death are often defined by morphological criteria, without a clear reference to precise biochemical mechanisms. The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposes unified criteria for the definition of cell death and of its different morphologies, while formulating several caveats against the misuse of words and concepts that slow down progress in the area of cell death research. Authors, reviewers and editors of scientific periodicals are invited to abandon expressions like 'percentage apoptosis' and to replace them with more accurate descriptions of the biochemical and cellular parameters that are actually measured. Moreover, at the present stage, it should be accepted that caspase-independent mechanisms can cooperate with (or substitute for) caspases in the execution of lethal signaling pathways and that 'autophagic cell death' is a type of cell death occurring together with (but not necessarily by) autophagic vacuolization. This study details the 2009 recommendations of the NCCD on the use of cell death-related terminology including 'entosis', 'mitotic catastrophe', 'necrosis', 'necroptosis' and 'pyroptosis'.
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            Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis.

            We report here that BID, a BH3 domain-containing proapoptotic Bcl2 family member, is a specific proximal substrate of Casp8 in the Fas apoptotic signaling pathway. While full-length BID is localized in cytosol, truncated BID (tBID) translocates to mitochondria and thus transduces apoptotic signals from cytoplasmic membrane to mitochondria. tBID induces first the clustering of mitochondria around the nuclei and release of cytochrome c independent of caspase activity, and then the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell shrinkage, and nuclear condensation in a caspase-dependent fashion. Coexpression of BclxL inhibits all the apoptotic changes induced by tBID. Our results indicate that BID is a mediator of mitochondrial damage induced by Casp8.
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              WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas.

              Primary cutaneous lymphomas are currently classified by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) classification or the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, but both systems have shortcomings. In particular, differences in the classification of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, and the group of primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders and the classification and terminology of different types of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas have resulted in considerable debate and confusion. During recent consensus meetings representatives of both systems reached agreement on a new classification, which is now called the WHO-EORTC classification. In this paper we describe the characteristic features of the different primary cutaneous lymphomas and other hematologic neoplasms frequently presenting in the skin, and discuss differences with the previous classification schemes. In addition, the relative frequency and survival data of 1905 patients with primary cutaneous lymphomas derived from Dutch and Austrian registries for primary cutaneous lymphomas are presented to illustrate the clinical significance of this new classification.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                15 September 2011
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:38544
                ff8c8a90-04ed-4943-b7b8-c4701e147688
                History

                Biologie,Apoptose,Apoptosis,Biowissenschaften, Biologie,WF 9895,NSAID,CTCL,c-FLIP,Todesliganden,death ligand

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