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      Tobacco smoking and trends in histological subtypes of female lung cancer at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences over 13 years

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          Abstract

          Background

          Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in China, and incidence and mortality continue to rise despite the fact that smoking prevalence is very low among Chinese women.

          Aim

          This study investigated tobacco smoking and trends in histological subtypes of female lung cancer in a central cancer hospital in China.

          Methods

          Demographic, smoking history and histological information on female lung cancer patients diagnosed or treated from 2000 to 2012 was collected from the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CHCAMS). The classification of histological subtypes and clinical stages were conducted using the ICD‐O‐3 and Eighth AJCC Cancer Staging Manuals. Time‐trends of histological subtypes were analyzed based on annual percentage change (APC).

          Results

          Overall, 5870 female cases of lung cancer were included in the analysis. The number of female lung cancer patients increased from 509 (2000–2002) to 1744 (2011–2012). The most common histological type of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma (ADC) (72.93%), followed by small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (11.06%), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (8.38%) and other (7.63%). Among smokers, the proportion of SCC decreased from 40.5% to 23.7% ( P = 0.005), while ADC increased from 35.7% to 50.7% (P = 0.009). In non‐smokers, ADC increased from 63.1% to 80.6% (P = 0.006) and SCC decreased from 13.6% to 4.5% ( P = 0.016). Among SCC cases, smokers made up a larger proportion of early stage (I/II: 47.1%) compared with late stages (III, 34.3%; IV, 18.6%).

          Conclusion

          The number of female lung cancer patients has increased in CHCAMS. In both smoking and non‐smoking cases, the proportion of adenocarcinoma increased. Squamous cell carcinomas were more likely to be diagnosed in early stages among smokers.

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          Most cited references22

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          [Report of cancer epidemiology in China, 2015].

          Objective: Data from local cancer registries were pooled to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. Methods: Data submitted from 501 cancer registries were checked & evaluated according to the criteria of data quality control, and 368 registries' data were qualified for the final analysis. Data were stratified by area (urban/rural), sex, age group and cancer sites, and combined with national population data to estimate cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized. Results: Total population covered by 368 cancer registries were 309 553 499 (148 804 626 in urban and 160 748 873 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases (MV) and the percentage of death certificate-only cases (DCO) accounted for 69.34% and 2.09%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence ratio was 0.61. About 3 929 000 new cancer cases were reported in 2015 and the crude incidence rate was 285.83 per 100 000 population (males and females were 305.47 and 265.21 per 100 000 population). Age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 190.64 and 186.39 per 100 000 population, respectively, with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 21.44%. The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 304.96/100 000 and 196.09/100 000 in urban areas and 261.40/100 000 and 182.70/100 000 in rural areas, respectively. About 2 338 000 cancer deaths were reported in 2015 and the cancer mortality was 170.05/100 000 (210.10/100 000 in males and 128.00/100 000 in females). Age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 106.72/100 000 and 105.84/100 000, respectively, with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 11.94%. The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 172.61/100 000 and 103.65/100 000 in urban areas and 166.79/100 000 and 110.76/100 000 in rural areas, respectively. The most common cancer cases including lung, gastric, colorectal, liver and female breast, the top 10 cancer incidence accounted for about 76.70% of all cancer new cases. The most common cancer deaths including lung, liver, gastric, esophageal and colorectal, the top 10 cancer deaths accounted for about 83.00% of all cancer deaths. Conclusions: The burden of cancer showed a continuous upward trend in China. Cancer prevention and control faces the problem of the disparity in different areas and different cancer burden between men and women. The cancer pattern in China presents the coexistence of the cancer patterns in developed and developing countries. The situation of cancer prevention and control is still serious in China.
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            Cigarette smoking and lung cancer--relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case-control studies.

            Lung cancer is mainly caused by smoking, but the quantitative relations between smoking and histologic subtypes of lung cancer remain inconclusive. By using one of the largest lung cancer datasets ever assembled, we explored the impact of smoking on risks of the major cell types of lung cancer. This pooled analysis included 13,169 cases and 16,010 controls from Europe and Canada. Studies with population controls comprised 66.5% of the subjects. Adenocarcinoma (AdCa) was the most prevalent subtype in never smokers and in women. Squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) predominated in male smokers. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with logistic regression. ORs were elevated for all metrics of exposure to cigarette smoke and were higher for SqCC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) than for AdCa. Current male smokers with an average daily dose of >30 cigarettes had ORs of 103.5 (95% confidence interval (CI): 74.8-143.2) for SqCC, 111.3 (95% CI: 69.8-177.5) for SCLC and 21.9 (95% CI: 16.6-29.0) for AdCa. In women, the corresponding ORs were 62.7 (95% CI: 31.5-124.6), 108.6 (95% CI: 50.7-232.8) and 16.8 (95% CI: 9.2-30.6), respectively. Although ORs started to decline soon after quitting, they did not fully return to the baseline risk of never smokers even 35 years after cessation. The major result that smoking exerted a steeper risk gradient on SqCC and SCLC than on AdCa is in line with previous population data and biological understanding of lung cancer development. Copyright © 2011 UICC.
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              Is Open Access

              Prevalence and patterns of tobacco smoking among Chinese adult men and women: findings of the 2010 national smoking survey

              Background China consumes about 40% of the world's cigarettes, predominantly by men, following a large increase in recent decades. We assess sex-specific prevalence and changing patterns of smoking in Chinese adults in the current decade. Methods A nationally representative survey of smoking was conducted in 2010 among 100 000 Chinese adults aged ≥18 years, using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. Information on smoking frequency, type, amount, age started and quitting was collected. Sex-specific standardised prevalence and means were analysed and compared with estimates in the 1996 national survey. Results In Chinese men aged ≥18, 62.4% were ever-smokers in 2010, including 54.0% current smokers and 8.4% ex-smokers. The smoking prevalence was higher in rural than in urban men (63.9% vs 58.4%). In younger men, the age to start smoking was earlier and exclusive cigarette use was much higher. Among current smokers, only 17.3% intended to quit. Compared with a similar survey in 1996 among adults aged 30–69, more smokers had quit in 2010 than in 1996 (11.0% vs 4.2%), but the number of cigarettes smoked per current smoker was higher (17.9 vs 15.2). In Chinese women, only 3.4% ever smoked and there has been a large intergenerational decrease in smoking uptake rates. In 2010, there were 318 million current smokers in China, consuming an estimated 1740 billion cigarettes. Conclusions The prevalence of smoking remained extremely high in men, but low and falling in Chinese women. Tobacco smoking remains an important public health issue in China, and stronger and more efficient tobacco control is urgently needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                paramark@mail.nih.gov
                qinfufeng19@163.com
                xnzou@cicams.ac.cn
                Journal
                Thorac Cancer
                Thorac Cancer
                10.1111/(ISSN)1759-7714
                TCA
                Thoracic Cancer
                John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd (Melbourne )
                1759-7706
                1759-7714
                10 July 2019
                August 2019
                : 10
                : 8 ( doiID: 10.1111/tca.v10.8 )
                : 1717-1724
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
                [ 2 ] Metabolic Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda Maryland USA
                [ 3 ] Department of Gynecological Oncology Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou China
                [ 4 ] Tobacco Control Research Branch National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland USA
                [ 5 ] Office of Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Qin‐fu Feng, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Pan‐Jia‐Yuan South Lane, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.

                Tel: +86 10 87788286

                E‐mail: qinfufeng19@ 123456163.com

                Mark Parascandola, Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.

                Email: paramark@ 123456mail.nih.gov

                Xiao‐nong Zou, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Pan‐Jia‐Yuan South Lane,Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.

                Tel: +86 10 87788656

                E‐mail: xnzou@ 123456cicams.ac.cn

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-3749
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0152-0879
                Article
                TCA13141
                10.1111/1759-7714.13141
                6669800
                31293059
                f33f1978-3303-4bb2-9818-fce631c9da98
                © 2019 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 June 2019
                : 20 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, Pages: 8, Words: 4901
                Funding
                Funded by: Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission
                Award ID: Z1107058811093
                Funded by: NIH
                Award ID: RO1RFQ‐TW‐06‐006
                Funded by: National Key R&D Program of China
                Award ID: 2017YFC0211704
                Funded by: Beijing Hope Run Fund
                Award ID: YF2010‐48
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                tca13141
                August 2019
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.7 mode:remove_FC converted:01.08.2019

                female,histology,lung neoplasms,smoking,trends
                female, histology, lung neoplasms, smoking, trends

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