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      From flames to inflammation: how wildfires affect patterns of wildlife disease

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          Abstract

          Background

          Fire strongly affects animals’ behavior, population dynamics, and environmental surroundings, which in turn are likely to affect their immune systems and exposure to pathogens. However, little work has yet been conducted on the effects of wildfires on wildlife disease. This research gap is rapidly growing in importance because wildfires are becoming globally more common and more severe, with unknown impacts on wildlife disease and unclear implications for livestock and human health in the future.

          Results

          Here, we discussed how wildfires could influence susceptibility and exposure to infection in wild animals, and the potential consequences for ecology and public health. In our framework, we outlined how habitat loss and degradation caused by fire affect animals’ immune defenses, and how behavioral and demographic responses to fire affect pathogen exposure, spread, and maintenance. We identified relative unknowns that might influence disease dynamics in unpredictable ways (e.g., through altered community composition and effects on free-living parasites). Finally, we discussed avenues for future investigations of fire-disease links.

          Conclusions

          We hope that this review will stimulate much-needed research on the role of wildfire in influencing wildlife disease, providing an important source of information on disease dynamics in the wake of future wildfires and other natural disasters, and encouraging further integration of the fields of fire and disease ecology.

          Resumen

          Antecedentes

          Los fuegos afectan fuertemente el comportamiento animal, su dinámica poblacional y su entorno ambiental, lo que a su vez probablemente afecte su sistema inmune y exposición a patógenos. Sin embargo, muy pocos trabajos han sido desarrollados sobre los efectos de los incendios en las enfermedades de la fauna silvestre. Esta brecha en la información científica está creciendo rápidamente, pues los incendios a nivel global están siendo más comunes y más severos, con impactos desconocidos en las enfermedades de la fauna silvestre y sin claras implicancias futuras sobre la salud humana y del ganado doméstico.

          Resultados

          Discutimos acá cómo los incendios pueden influenciar la susceptibilidad y exposición a infecciones en animales silvestres, y las consecuencias potenciales para la ecología y la salud pública. En nuestro marco de referencia, delineamos cómo la pérdida de hábitat y la degradación causada por los incendios afecta las defensas del sistema inmune de los animales silvestres, y cómo las respuestas de comportamiento y demográficas afectan la exposición, diseminación, y mantenimiento del patógeno. Identificamos factores relativamente desconocidos que podrían influenciar la dinámica de las enfermedades de manera no predecible (i.e., a través de alteraciones en la composición de la comunidad y efectos sobre parásitos de vida independiente). Finalmente, discutimos vías para futuras investigaciones de vínculos entre fuegos y enfermedades.

          Conclusiones

          Esperamos que esta revisión estimule la necesidad de contar con investigaciones sobre el rol de los incendios en su influencia sobre las enfermedades de la fauna silvestre, proveyendo una fuente de información importante sobre la dinámica de las enfermedades en la ocurrencia de futuros incendios y otros desastres naturales, y propiciando una mayor integración futura de los campos del fuego y la ecología de enfermedades.

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          Most cited references154

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          Global trends in emerging infectious diseases

          The next new disease Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to health: AIDS, SARS, drug-resistant bacteria and Ebola virus are among the more recent examples. By identifying emerging disease 'hotspots', the thinking goes, it should be possible to spot health risks at an early stage and prepare containment strategies. An analysis of over 300 examples of disease emerging between 1940 and 2004 suggests that these hotspots can be accurately mapped based on socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors. The data show that the surveillance effort, and much current research spending, is concentrated in developed economies, yet the risk maps point to developing countries as the more likely source of new diseases. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature06536) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013

            Climate strongly influences global wildfire activity, and recent wildfire surges may signal fire weather-induced pyrogeographic shifts. Here we use three daily global climate data sets and three fire danger indices to develop a simple annual metric of fire weather season length, and map spatio-temporal trends from 1979 to 2013. We show that fire weather seasons have lengthened across 29.6 million km2 (25.3%) of the Earth's vegetated surface, resulting in an 18.7% increase in global mean fire weather season length. We also show a doubling (108.1% increase) of global burnable area affected by long fire weather seasons (>1.0 σ above the historical mean) and an increased global frequency of long fire weather seasons across 62.4 million km2 (53.4%) during the second half of the study period. If these fire weather changes are coupled with ignition sources and available fuel, they could markedly impact global ecosystems, societies, economies and climate.
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              Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity.

              Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an earlier spring snowmelt.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Fire Ecology
                fire ecol
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1933-9747
                December 2021
                September 23 2021
                December 2021
                : 17
                : 1
                Article
                10.1186/s42408-021-00113-4
                efab8ec0-3554-4bfa-a7db-e72c3698cbe4
                © 2021

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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