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      Micro/Nanorobots as Active Delivery Systems for Biomedicine: From Self‐Propulsion to Controllable Navigation

      1 , 2 , 1
      Advanced Therapeutics
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          In recent years, micro/nanorobots have attracted intensive interests in biomedicine, which is a multidisciplinary research field involved with robotics, medicine, and nanotechnology. Different from conventional nanomaterials utilized for human being healthcare, micro/nanorobots can effectively convert diverse energy sources into movement and force, covering a broad spectrum of applications in precise drug delivery, controllable drug release, potent tissue penetration, enhanced drug retention, precise operation of minimally invasive surgery, medical sensing, and detoxification. In this review, the self‐propelled mechanisms and controllable navigation of micro/nanorobots are first summarized, then the recent progress on micro/nanorobots as active delivery systems for biomedicine are presented. Finally, the perspective and challenge are also discussed. It is expected that this review gives an insight into the active delivery systems based on micro/nanorobots for disease therapy and diagnosis, detection, and biodetoxification, aiming for more extensive research in biomedicine and the clinical transformation in the near future.

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          Most cited references125

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          Microscopic artificial swimmers.

          Microorganisms such as bacteria and many eukaryotic cells propel themselves with hair-like structures known as flagella, which can exhibit a variety of structures and movement patterns. For example, bacterial flagella are helically shaped and driven at their bases by a reversible rotary engine, which rotates the attached flagellum to give a motion similar to that of a corkscrew. In contrast, eukaryotic cells use flagella that resemble elastic rods and exhibit a beating motion: internally generated stresses give rise to a series of bends that propagate towards the tip. In contrast to this variety of swimming strategies encountered in nature, a controlled swimming motion of artificial micrometre-sized structures has not yet been realized. Here we show that a linear chain of colloidal magnetic particles linked by DNA and attached to a red blood cell can act as a flexible artificial flagellum. The filament aligns with an external uniform magnetic field and is readily actuated by oscillating a transverse field. We find that the actuation induces a beating pattern that propels the structure, and that the external fields can be adjusted to control the velocity and the direction of motion.
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            Micro/nanorobots for biomedicine: Delivery, surgery, sensing, and detoxification

            Micro- and nanoscale robots that can effectively convert diverse energy sources into movement and force represent a rapidly emerging and fascinating robotics research area. Recent advances in the design, fabrication, and operation of micro/nanorobots have greatly enhanced their power, function, and versatility. The new capabilities of these tiny untethered machines indicate immense potential for a variety of biomedical applications. This article reviews recent progress and future perspectives of micro/nanorobots in biomedicine, with a special focus on their potential advantages and applications for directed drug delivery, precision surgery, medical diagnosis and detoxification. Future success of this technology, to be realized through close collaboration between robotics, medical and nanotechnology experts, should have a major impact on disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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              Self-motile colloidal particles: from directed propulsion to random walk.

              The motion of an artificial microscale swimmer that uses a chemical reaction catalyzed on its own surface to achieve autonomous propulsion is fully characterized experimentally. It is shown that at short times it has a substantial component of directed motion, with a velocity that depends on the concentration of fuel molecules. At longer times, the motion reverts to a random walk with a substantially enhanced diffusion coefficient. Our results suggest strategies for designing artificial chemotactic systems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Advanced Therapeutics
                Advanced Therapeutics
                Wiley
                2366-3987
                2366-3987
                July 2022
                April 13 2022
                July 2022
                : 5
                : 7
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL‐MMD) Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC‐ESAT) School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
                [2 ] School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China
                Article
                10.1002/adtp.202100228
                ee689038-27b8-47d7-aef5-db3009d6199b
                © 2022

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

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