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      Emulation of multiple-functional synapses using V2C memristors with coexistence of resistive and threshold switching

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          Short-term synaptic plasticity.

          Synaptic transmission is a dynamic process. Postsynaptic responses wax and wane as presynaptic activity evolves. This prominent characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission is a crucial determinant of the response properties of synapses and, in turn, of the stimulus properties selected by neural networks and of the patterns of activity generated by those networks. This review focuses on synaptic changes that result from prior activity in the synapse under study, and is restricted to short-term effects that last for at most a few minutes. Forms of synaptic enhancement, such as facilitation, augmentation, and post-tetanic potentiation, are usually attributed to effects of a residual elevation in presynaptic [Ca(2+)]i, acting on one or more molecular targets that appear to be distinct from the secretory trigger responsible for fast exocytosis and phasic release of transmitter to single action potentials. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis, and the origins of the different kinetic phases of synaptic enhancement, as well as the interpretation of statistical changes in transmitter release and roles played by other factors such as alterations in presynaptic Ca(2+) influx or postsynaptic levels of [Ca(2+)]i. Synaptic depression dominates enhancement at many synapses. Depression is usually attributed to depletion of some pool of readily releasable vesicles, and various forms of the depletion model are discussed. Depression can also arise from feedback activation of presynaptic receptors and from postsynaptic processes such as receptor desensitization. In addition, glial-neuronal interactions can contribute to short-term synaptic plasticity. Finally, we summarize the recent literature on putative molecular players in synaptic plasticity and the effects of genetic manipulations and other modulatory influences.
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            Nanoscale memristor device as synapse in neuromorphic systems.

            A memristor is a two-terminal electronic device whose conductance can be precisely modulated by charge or flux through it. Here we experimentally demonstrate a nanoscale silicon-based memristor device and show that a hybrid system composed of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor neurons and memristor synapses can support important synaptic functions such as spike timing dependent plasticity. Using memristors as synapses in neuromorphic circuits can potentially offer both high connectivity and high density required for efficient computing.
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              Memristors with diffusive dynamics as synaptic emulators for neuromorphic computing

              Calcium ions play a vital role in enabling synaptic plasticity in biological systems. The dynamic behaviour of these ions has now been emulated in a metal atom diffusion-based memristor.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing
                Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing
                Elsevier BV
                13698001
                November 2021
                November 2021
                : 135
                : 106123
                Article
                10.1016/j.mssp.2021.106123
                ec5711e2-a861-4ef6-8ff3-08bd16c0c4d4
                © 2021

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

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