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      Effect of protein overfeeding on energy expenditure measured in a metabolic chamber.

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          Abstract

          Energy expenditure (EE) increases with overfeeding, but it is unclear how rapidly this is related to changes in body composition, increased body weight, or diet.

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          The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review.

          For years, proponents of some fad diets have claimed that higher amounts of protein facilitate weight loss. Only in recent years have studies begun to examine the effects of high protein diets on energy expenditure, subsequent energy intake and weight loss as compared to lower protein diets. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of randomized investigations on the effects of high protein diets on dietary thermogenesis, satiety, body weight and fat loss. There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake. Some evidence suggests that diets higher in protein result in an increased weight loss and fat loss as compared to diets lower in protein, but findings have not been consistent. In dietary practice, it may be beneficial to partially replace refined carbohydrate with protein sources that are low in saturated fat. Although recent evidence supports potential benefit, rigorous longer-term studies are needed to investigate the effects of high protein diets on weight loss and weight maintenance.
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            Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance.

            The role of dietary protein in weight loss and weight maintenance encompasses influences on crucial targets for body weight regulation, namely satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition. Protein-induced satiety may be mainly due to oxidation of amino acids fed in excess, especially in diets with "incomplete" proteins. Protein-induced energy expenditure may be due to protein and urea synthesis and to gluconeogenesis; "complete" proteins having all essential amino acids show larger increases in energy expenditure than do lower-quality proteins. With respect to adverse effects, no protein-induced effects are observed on net bone balance or on calcium balance in young adults and elderly persons. Dietary protein even increases bone mineral mass and reduces incidence of osteoporotic fracture. During weight loss, nitrogen intake positively affects calcium balance and consequent preservation of bone mineral content. Sulphur-containing amino acids cause a blood pressure-raising effect by loss of nephron mass. Subjects with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are particularly susceptible groups. This review provides an overview of how sustaining absolute protein intake affects metabolic targets for weight loss and weight maintenance during negative energy balance, i.e., sustaining satiety and energy expenditure and sparing fat-free mass, resulting in energy inefficiency. However, the long-term relationship between net protein synthesis and sparing fat-free mass remains to be elucidated.
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              Assessment of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
                The American journal of clinical nutrition
                1938-3207
                0002-9165
                Mar 2015
                : 101
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (GAB, LMR, JC, JR, CB, SM, and CKM); George Mason University, Arlington, VA (LdJ); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes Florida Hospital and Sanford Burnham Institute, Orlando, FL (SRS).
                Article
                ajcn.114.091769
                10.3945/ajcn.114.091769
                25733634
                e88168a9-0db7-4b40-b204-cab5a97956ec
                © 2015 American Society for Nutrition.
                History

                adaptive thermogenesis,hormones,low-protein diet,molecular markers,sleeping energy expenditure

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