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      Increasing Cybercrime Since the Pandemic: Concerns for Psychiatry

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          Abstract

          Purpose of Review

          Since the pandemic, the daily activities of many people occur at home. People connect to the Internet for work, school, shopping, entertainment, and doctor visits, including psychiatrists. Concurrently, cybercrime has surged worldwide. This narrative review examines the changing use of technology, societal impacts of the pandemic, how cybercrime is evolving, individual vulnerabilities to cybercrime, and special concerns for those with mental illness.

          Recent Findings

          Human factors are a central component of cybersecurity as individual behaviors, personality traits, online activities, and attitudes to technology impact vulnerability. Mental illness may increase vulnerability to cybercrime. The risks of cybercrime should be recognized as victims experience long-term psychological and financial consequences. Patients with mental illness may not be aware of the dangers of cybercrime, of risky online behaviors, or the measures to mitigate risk.

          Summary

          Technology provides powerful tools for psychiatry but technology must be used with the appropriate safety measures. Psychiatrists should be aware of the potential aftermath of cybercrime on mental health, and the increased patient risk since the pandemic, including from online mental health services. As a first step to increase patient awareness of cybercrime, psychiatrists should provide a recommended list of trusted sources that educate consumers on cybersecurity.

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          Most cited references55

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

            Highlights • The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. • Relatively high rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, and stress were reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. • Common risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19. • Mitigation of COVID-19 induced psychological distress requires government intervention and individual efforts.
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              Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality

              Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is profoundly affecting life around the globe. Isolation, contact restrictions and economic shutdown impose a complete change to the psychosocial environment in affected countries. These measures have the potential to threaten the mental health of children and adolescents significantly. Even though the current crisis can bring with it opportunities for personal growth and family cohesion, disadvantages may outweigh these benefits. Anxiety, lack of peer contact and reduced opportunities for stress regulation are main concerns. Another main threat is an increased risk for parental mental illness, domestic violence and child maltreatment. Especially for children and adolescents with special needs or disadvantages, such as disabilities, trauma experiences, already existing mental health problems, migrant background and low socioeconomic status, this may be a particularly challenging time. To maintain regular and emergency child and adolescent psychiatric treatment during the pandemic is a major challenge but is necessary for limiting long-term consequences for the mental health of children and adolescents. Urgent research questions comprise understanding the mental health effects of social distancing and economic pressure, identifying risk and resilience factors, and preventing long-term consequences, including—but not restricted to—child maltreatment. The efficacy of telepsychiatry is another highly relevant issue is to evaluate the efficacy of telehealth and perfect its applications to child and adolescent psychiatry. Conclusion There are numerous mental health threats associated with the current pandemic and subsequent restrictions. Child and adolescent psychiatrists must ensure continuity of care during all phases of the pandemic. COVID-19-associated mental health risks will disproportionately hit children and adolescents who are already disadvantaged and marginalized. Research is needed to assess the implications of policies enacted to contain the pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents, and to estimate the risk/benefit ratio of measures such as home schooling, in order to be better prepared for future developments.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                monteit2@msu.edu
                Journal
                Curr Psychiatry Rep
                Curr Psychiatry Rep
                Current Psychiatry Reports
                Springer US (New York )
                1523-3812
                1535-1645
                3 March 2021
                2021
                : 23
                : 4
                : 18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, 1400 Medical Campus Drive, Traverse City, MI 49684 USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.4488.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2111 7257, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Medical Faculty, , Technische Universität Dresden, ; Dresden, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.55602.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, Department of Psychiatry, , Dalhousie University, ; Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
                [4 ]GRID grid.4991.5, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, , University of Oxford, ; Oxford, UK
                [5 ]GRID grid.19006.3e, ISNI 0000 0000 9632 6718, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, , University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), ; Los Angeles, CA USA
                [6 ]ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA USA
                Article
                1228
                10.1007/s11920-021-01228-w
                7927777
                33660091
                dee8ff4d-a100-4d6f-9b9f-8db2ac858dc8
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 21 January 2021
                Categories
                Psychiatry in the Digital Age (J Shore, Section Editor)
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cybercrime,psychiatry,pandemic,human-computer interface,cybersecurity

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