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      Association between Access to Public Open Spaces and Physical Activity in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

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          Abstract

          Background: Regular physical activity is an important preventive factor of cardiovascular disease. Proximity and density of public open spaces are important modifying factors on the practice of physical activity. This article explores the cross-sectional relationship between access to public open spaces (POS) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in elderly participants at high cardiovascular risk from PREDIMED-Baleares. Method: 428 elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk, participating in the PREDIMED trial, from Palma de Mallorca (Spain) were assessed using Geographic Information Systems, and access to POS was determined. The quantity and intensity of LTPA was calculated using the Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. In order investigate the association between access to POS and LTPA, generalized linear regression models were used. Results: Better access to POS was not consistently associated with total LTPA. Only distance to the nearest park showed a borderline significant positive associated with total LTPA and moderate-vigorous LTPA but was not associated with light LTPA. Conclusions: Although living near POS was not associated to total LTPA, higher levels of moderate-vigorous LTPA were associated to distances to the nearest park. Future work should be conducted on a larger sample size, integrating a longitudinal design, and greater heterogeneity in POS access and introducing objective measures of physical activity.

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          Most cited references30

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          Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.

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            Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space?

            Well-designed public open space (POS) that encourages physical activity is a community asset that could potentially contribute to the health of local residents. In 1995-1996, two studies were conducted-an environmental audit of POS over 2 acres (n =516) within a 408-km2 area of metropolitan Perth, Western Australia; and personal interviews with 1803 adults (aged 18 to 59 years) (52.9% response rate). The association between access to POS and physical activity was examined using three accessibility models that progressively adjusted for distance to POS, and its attractiveness and size. In 2002, an observational study examined the influence of attractiveness on the use of POS by observing users of three pairs of high- and low-quality (based on attractiveness) POS matched for size and location. Overall, 28.8% of respondents reported using POS for physical activity. The likelihood of using POS increased with increasing levels of access, but the effect was greater in the model that adjusted for distance, attractiveness, and size. After adjustment, those with very good access to large, attractive POS were 50% more likely to achieve high levels of walking (odds ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence level, 1.06-2.13). The observational study showed that after matching POS for size and location, 70% of POS users observed visited attractive POS. Access to attractive, large POS is associated with higher levels of walking. To increase walking, thoughtful design (and redesign) of POS is required that creates large, attractive POS with facilities that encourage active use by multiple users (e.g., walkers, sports participants, picnickers).
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              Cohort profile: design and methods of the PREDIMED study.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Int J Environ Res Public Health
                ijerph
                International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                MDPI
                1661-7827
                1660-4601
                17 June 2018
                June 2018
                : 15
                : 6
                : 1285
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain; antonicolom@ 123456gmail.com (A.C.); miguel.fiol@ 123456ssib.es (M.F.); marga.morey@ 123456yahoo.es (M.M.); mmonyino@ 123456gmail.com (M.M.)
                [2 ]CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
                [3 ]Servicio de SIG y Teledetección, Vicerectorat d’Innovació i Transferència, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain; maurici.ruiz@ 123456uib.es
                [4 ]Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, 07015 Palma, Spain; montserratcompa@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mariaadoracion.romaguera@ 123456ssib.es ; Tel.: +34-871-20-5050 (ext. 64527)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-0778
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-214X
                Article
                ijerph-15-01285
                10.3390/ijerph15061285
                6025464
                29914206
                da4211bc-fb0a-4544-b846-be617bb86cf3
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 03 May 2018
                : 14 June 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                physical activity,leisure,public open space,gis,elderly,predimed trial
                Public health
                physical activity, leisure, public open space, gis, elderly, predimed trial

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