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      Phytate degradation, myo-inositol release, and utilization of phosphorus and calcium by two strains of laying hens in five production periods

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          Abstract

          The objective of this study was to compare 2 laying hen strains in 5 production periods regarding phytase activity, phytate ( InsP 6 ) degradation, and myo-inositol ( MI) release in the digestive tract and phosphorus ( P) and calcium ( Ca) utilization. One offspring of 10 nonrelated roosters per strain (Lohmann Brown-classic ( LB) or Lohmann LSL-classic ( LSL)) was placed in one of 20 metabolic units in a completely randomized block design in week 8, 14, 22, 28, and 58 of life. All hens were fed the same corn and soybean meal–based diet at one time, but the diet composition was adjusted to the requirements in the respective period. For 4 consecutive days, excreta were collected quantitatively at 24-hour intervals. In week 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60, the blood plasma, digesta of crop, gizzard, jejunum, ileum, and ceca, and mucosa of the jejunum was collected. The concentration of inorganic P in the blood plasma was higher in LB than in LSL hens ( P = 0.026). Plasma Ca concentrations increased with each period ( P < 0.001) in both strains. In jejunum digesta, the MI concentration did not differ between strains, but InsP 6 concentration was higher in LB than in LSL hens ( P = 0.002) and the highest in week 30 and 60. Total phosphatase and phytase activities were higher in LB than in LSL hens ( P ≤ 0.009). Period effects were also significant for these enzymes. Concentrations of some constituents of the cecal content were different between the strains. The MI concentration in the egg albumen and yolk was higher in LB than in LSL hens. Differences in InsP 6- and MI-related metabolism of the 2 hen strains existed. These differences were partly dependent of the period. Especially, week 24 was a period of remarkable change of metabolism. Great differences also existed among individuals, making it worth to have a closer look at the metabolism of individuals in addition to evaluating treatment means. Further studies on metabolic, genetic, and microbiome level may help explain these differences.

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          Function and nutritional roles of the avian caeca: a review

          The role of the avian caeca in the maintenance of gut health, fermentation of undigested nutrients, re-cycling of nitrogen from urine, and modulation of the gut microflora is not well understood. Thus, this review details the function of the avian caeca from anatomical, physiological, microbial and nutritional points of view in the context of poultry production. Due to anatomical and physiological adaptations, only small and/or soluble particles will be refluxed into the caeca together with urine and digestive fluids. Here, salts and water will be reabsorbed, and uric acid and carbohydrates will be fermented by the abundant microflora to ammonia and volatile fatty acids. Thus, the caeca may play a role for the nutritional status of the bird, although the quantitative significance for high-yielding domesticated poultry remains to be elucidated.
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            Influence of dietary calcium and phytase on phytate phosphorus hydrolysis in broiler chickens.

            The effect of Ca and phytase on phytate phosphorus (PP) hydrolysis was studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, PP hydrolysis by a 3-phytase and a 6-phytase was studied at pH 2.5 and 6.5 with Ca added at levels equivalent to 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, or 0.9% of the diet. Irrespective of enzyme, Ca at a level as low as 0.1% reduced (P < 0.05) PP hydrolysis at pH 6.5. To test these effects in vivo, 22-d-old male broilers were fed 1 of 6 diets (10 replicate pens of 4 birds per diet) for 30 h. The experimental design was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of 3 phytase treatments (0, 500 U of phytase A/kg of diet, and 500 U of phytase B/kg of diet) and 2 added Ca levels (0 and 0.5% from CaCO3) to a corn-soy basal diet. Adding Ca to the diet resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in ileal PP disappearance from 69.2 to 25.4% when the 0 and 0.5% added Ca diets were fed, respectively, and in apparent ileal Ca and P absorption (46.3 to 33.6% and 67.9 to 29.4% when 0 and 0.5% Ca were added, respectively). Inclusion of a 3-phytase improved (P < 0.05) ileal PP disappearance from 25.4 to 58.9% in diets containing 0 and 0.5% added Ca, but the improvement was less pronounced with a 6-phytase. Apparent ileal Ca absorption was improved (P < 0.05) when Ca, phytase, or both were added to the diet.
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              The effect of insoluble fiber and intermittent feeding on gizzard development, gut motility, and performance of broiler chickens.

              Two experiments were conducted to test the following hypothesis: exposing broiler chickens to coarse insoluble fiber in the diet will result in enhanced gizzard function and performance, improved adaptability to an intermittent feeding program, and an increase in the occurrence of reverse peristalsis. In experiment 1, 102 Ross 308 broiler chickens were either intermittently or ad libitum fed a basal diet, the basal diet diluted with 15% coarse hulls (consisting of equal weights of hulls from oats and barley), or the basal diet diluted with 15% of the same hulls finely ground in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 17 individually caged birds per treatment. Birds fed ad libitum had access to feed continuously for 18 h/d, whereas those on intermittent feeding had restricted access to feed from 7 d of age. From 18 d of age, the restrictive-feeding program consisted of four 1-h meals and one 2-h meal per day. In experiment 2, 156 broiler chickens in 12 pen cages with wood shaving-lined floors were exposed to 1 of 4 treatment groups with 3 pens/treatment: intermittent or ad libitum feeding of a basal diet and intermittent or ad libitum feeding of a coarse hull diet, as described above. At 31 and 32 d of age, birds in experiment 1 were inoculated with chromium EDTA via the cloaca. There was no interaction between diet and feeding regimen. The addition of hulls increased gizzard weight and content and lowered (P < 0.001) gizzard pH, but it had no effect on the ability of the birds to handle intermittent feeding. Despite the dilution with coarse hulls, weight gain and the gain:feed ratio were not affected, which could partly be explained by an increased (P < 0.001) starch digestibility. Dietary reflux was confirmed by the presence of chromium in all intestinal tract sections. Broilers exhibited reverse peristaltic contractions of sufficient magnitude to propel the marker from the cloaca to the gizzard.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Poult Sci
                Poult Sci
                Poultry Science
                Elsevier
                0032-5791
                1525-3171
                15 September 2020
                December 2020
                15 September 2020
                : 99
                : 12
                : 6797-6808
                Affiliations
                []Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
                []Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
                Author notes
                [1 ]Corresponding author: inst450@ 123456uni-hohenheim.de
                Article
                S0032-5791(20)30611-8
                10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.064
                7704748
                33248595
                da1cbf16-ee4d-4d1f-ba65-dca169cd1f6d
                © 2020 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Poultry Science Association Inc.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 4 May 2020
                : 19 August 2020
                Categories
                Metabolism and Nutrition

                laying hen,mucosal phytase,myo-inositol,phosphorus,phytate degradation

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