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      Estudios epidemiológicos de patógenos bacterianos transmitidos por garrapatas en áreas urbanas y periurbanas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires Translated title: Epidemiological studies of tick-borne bacterial pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas of the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: La urbanización ha creado una nueva geografía, donde ya no hay áreas metropolitanas rodeadas de zonas rurales bien definidas. Áreas urbanas, semiurbanas y semirurales crean una interfase urbana-rural, y confluyen a su vez con áreas naturales (en algunos casos áreas protegidas) en una interfase urbana-silvestre. Todas estas áreas están relacionadas entre sí, posibilitando una gran circulación de personas, animales domésticos, productos alimenticios, y el tráfico (legal e ilegal) de fauna, proporcionando nuevas oportunidades para la dispersión de patógenos y vectores. El incremento en la ocurrencia de casos, humanos y animales, de infecciones causadas por patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas, en áreas urbanas y periurbanas en los últimos años, junto a la aparición y/o presencia de agentes infecciosos originados en áreas naturales, está íntimamente relacionado con estas interfases. En ese sentido, la mayoría de los animales domésticos y silvestres (especialmente sinantrópicos) presentes en entornos urbanos y periurbanos pueden actuar como hospedadores para algunas especies de garrapatas, y a su vez, exponerse a una variedad de patógenos a los que pueden ser susceptibles. Para analizar la riqueza de especies de garrapatas en la interfase urbana-natural en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, con énfasis en las áreas urbanas protegidas y los barrios aledaños, se realizaron estudios en el Barrio Rodrigo Bueno (de alto riesgo epidemiológico y en estrecha relación con la Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur) y en la Reserva Ecológica Ciudad Universitaria - Costanera Norte, tanto en el ambiente como en animales de compañía. Actualmente, se desarrollan estudios sobre garrapatas y patógenos asociados en áreas de interfases urbano-rural-natural en el partido de Exaltación de la Cruz (Provincia de Buenos Aires). Estos estudios aportan al conocimiento sobre la epidemiología de los microorganismos transmitidos por garrapatas en ambientes urbanos y periurbanos en el marco del concepto de “Una Salud”.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT: Urbanization has created a new geography, where there are no longer metropolitan areas surrounded by well-defined rural areas. Urban, semi-urban and semi-rural areas create an urban-rural interface, and in turn converge with natural areas (in some cases areas protected) in an urban-wild interface. All these areas are interrelated, allowing a large circulation of people, domestic animals, food products, and traffic of fauna (legal and illegal), providing new opportunities for the dispersal of pathogens and vectors. The increase of human and animal cases of infections caused by tick-borne pathogens in urban and periurban areas in recent years, together with the appearance and / or presence of infectious agents originating in natural areas, is closely related with these interfaces. In this sense, most domestic and wild animals (especially synanthropic) present in urban and peri-urban environments can act as hosts for some species of ticks and, in turn, be exposed to a variety of pathogens to which they may be susceptible. To analyze the richness of tick species in the urban-natural interface, in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, with emphasis on protected urban areas and neighboring neighborhoods, studies were carried out in the Rodrigo Bueno neighborhood (with high epidemiological risk and in close relationship with the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve) and in the Ciudad Universitaria - Costanera Norte Ecological Reserve, both in the environment and in companion animals. Studies are currently being carried out on ticks and associated pathogens in areas of urban-rural-natural interfaces in the Exaltación de la Cruz district (Province of Buenos Aires). These studies contribute to the knowledge about the epidemiology of microorganisms transmitted by ticks in urban and peri-urban environments, within the framework of the “One Health” concept.

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          Most cited references66

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          Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk

          Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal–human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans.
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            Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus

            The brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) is the most widespread tick in the world and a well-recognized vector of many pathogens affecting dogs and occasionally humans. This tick can be found on dogs living in both urban and rural areas, being highly adapted to live within human dwellings and being active throughout the year not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in some temperate areas. Depending on factors such as climate and host availability, Rh. sanguineus can complete up to four generations per year. Recent studies have demonstrated that ticks exposed to high temperatures attach and feed on humans and rabbits more rapidly. This observation suggests that the risk of human parasitism by Rh. sanguineus could increase in areas experiencing warmer and/or longer summers, consequently increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents (e.g., Rickettsia conorii and Rickettsia rickettsii). In the present article, some aspects of the biology and ecology of Rh. sanguineus ticks are discussed including the possible impact of current climate changes on populations of this tick around the world.
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              Human infection with Ehrlichia canis accompanied by clinical signs in Venezuela.

              A total of 20 human patients with clinical signs compatible with human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), who were admitted to the emergency clinic in Lara State, Venezuela, were studied. Thirty percent (6/20) patients were positive for Ehrlichia canis 16S rRNA on gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Compared with the U.S. strains, 16S rRNA gene sequences from all six patients had the same base mutation as the sequence of the E. canis Venezuelan human Ehrlichia (VHE) strain previously isolated from an asymptomatic human. This study is the first report of E. canis infection of human patients with clinical signs of HME.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                invet
                InVet
                InVet
                Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1668-3498
                June 2021
                : 23
                : 1
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [1] orgname
                [2] orgname
                [3] orgname
                [4] orgname
                Article
                S1668-34982021000100008 S1668-3498(21)02300100008
                d74b240c-bf75-49c3-b308-7a9eb0620bd1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 July 2021
                : 17 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 78, Pages: 1
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Revisión biblográfica

                tick-borne pathogens,patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas,garrapatas,ticks,Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires,Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires

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