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      How do adolescents classify foods as healthy and unhealthy?: A qualitative inquiry from rural India

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          Abstract

          Indian adolescents exhibit obesogenic dietary habits including low intake of fruits and vegetables and increasing consumption of fast food and carbonated beverages. Adolescents’ classification of healthy and unhealthy foods is likely to have significant implications for their dietary behaviour, and consequently, their health. However, there is limited evidence about the ways Indian adolescents classify foods as healthy or unhealthy. Hence, this qualitative study was designed to explore how Indian adolescents classify nutritious or non-nutritious food choices. Convenience sampling was used to recruit the study participants from Tikari village in Uttar Pradesh, India. Underpinned by the social constructivist lens, the adolescents were interviewed face-to-face in Hindi. All the interactions were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English prior to data analysis. Transcribed data were analysed thematically using inductive as well as deductive coding, and subsequently, conceptual themes were extracted. A total of thirty-nine adolescents (twenty boys; nineteen girls) aged 10–19 years participated in this qualitative inquiry. The adolescents classified healthy and unhealthy foods based on the following six themes: (i) Food groups and nutrients; (ii) Health and immunity; (iii) Type of ingredient; (iv) Place and time of food preparation; (v) Packaging; and (vi) Parental influence. These findings can inform school-based food literacy interventions to foster healthy dietary habits and cooking skills among Indian adolescents.

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          Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.

          Qualitative research explores complex phenomena encountered by clinicians, health care providers, policy makers and consumers. Although partial checklists are available, no consolidated reporting framework exists for any type of qualitative design. To develop a checklist for explicit and comprehensive reporting of qualitative studies (in depth interviews and focus groups). We performed a comprehensive search in Cochrane and Campbell Protocols, Medline, CINAHL, systematic reviews of qualitative studies, author or reviewer guidelines of major medical journals and reference lists of relevant publications for existing checklists used to assess qualitative studies. Seventy-six items from 22 checklists were compiled into a comprehensive list. All items were grouped into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. Duplicate items and those that were ambiguous, too broadly defined and impractical to assess were removed. Items most frequently included in the checklists related to sampling method, setting for data collection, method of data collection, respondent validation of findings, method of recording data, description of the derivation of themes and inclusion of supporting quotations. We grouped all items into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. The criteria included in COREQ, a 32-item checklist, can help researchers to report important aspects of the research team, study methods, context of the study, findings, analysis and interpretations.
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            Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries

            The Lancet, 382(9890), 427-451
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              Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization

              Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation—as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Nutr Sci
                J Nutr Sci
                JNS
                Journal of Nutritional Science
                Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK )
                2048-6790
                2023
                20 November 2023
                : 12
                : e115
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College and Hospital , Chandigarh 160030, India
                [3 ]School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
                [4 ]Department of Home Science, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Neha Rathi, Email: neha.nutri01@ 123456gmail.com ; n.rathi@ 123456deakin.edu.au
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-1723
                Article
                S2048679023001015
                10.1017/jns.2023.101
                10660067
                38025304
                d68ec489-a686-43f7-994b-2423b68acc82
                © The Author(s) 2023

                This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 July 2023
                : 26 September 2023
                : 20 October 2023
                Page count
                Tables: 1, References: 64, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Research Article
                Behaviour, Appetite and Obesity

                adolescents,food,food choice,health eating,india,qualitative research methods

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