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      Association between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Size, Tempo, and Velocity of Infant Growth: Analysis of the Newborn Epigenetic Study Cohort

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          Abstract

          <p id="d632756e252"> <b> <i>Background:</i> </b> The first 1000 days of life is a critical period of infant growth that has been linked to future adult health. Understanding prenatal factors that contribute to variation in growth during this period could inform successful prevention strategies. </p><p id="d632756e260"> <b> <i>Methods:</i> </b> Prenatal and maternal characteristics, including prepregnancy obesity and gestational weight gain were evaluated in relation to weight growth trajectories during the first 24 months of life using the SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) method, which provides estimates of infant size, timing to peak velocity, and growth velocity. The study sample included 704 mother-infant dyads from a multiethnic prebirth cohort from the Southeastern United States. The total number of weight measures was 8670 (median number per child = 14). </p><p id="d632756e268"> <b> <i>Results:</i> </b> Several prenatal and maternal characteristics were linked with infant growth parameters. The primary findings show that compared to women with a prepregnancy BMI between 18 and 24.9, women with a prepregnancy BMI ≥40 had infants that were 8% larger during the first 24 months, a delayed tempo of around 9 days, and a slower velocity. Mothers who had greater than adequate gestational weight gain had infants that were 5% larger even after controlling for prepregnancy BMI and several other covariates. </p><p id="d632756e276"> <b> <i>Conclusions:</i> </b> The findings contribute new data on the associations between gestational weight gain and aspects of early growth using the SITAR method, and support a growing consensus in the literature that both prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain relate independently to risk for greater postnatal weight growth. </p>

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          Associations of maternal BMI and gestational weight gain with neonatal adiposity in the Healthy Start study.

          Maternal obesity and weight gain during pregnancy are risk factors for child obesity. Associations may be attributable to causal effects of the intrauterine environment or genetic and postnatal environmental factors.
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            Effect of Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Obesity in the Next Generation

            OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may cause obesity in the offspring. The objective was to assess the effect of treatment for mild GDM on the BMI of 4- to 5-year-old children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were 199 mothers who participated in a randomized controlled trial of the treatment of mild GDM during pregnancy and their children. Trained nurses measured the height and weight of the children at preschool visits in a state-wide surveillance program in the state of South Australia. The main outcome measure was age- and sex-specific BMI Z score based on standards of the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS At birth, prevalence of macrosomia (birth weight ≥4,000 g) was 5.3% among the 94 children whose mothers were in the intervention group, and 21.9% among the 105 children in the routine care control group. At 4- to 5-years-old, mean (SD) BMI Z score was 0.49 (1.20) in intervention children and 0.41 (1.40) among controls. The difference between treatment groups was 0.08 (95% CI −0.29 to 0.44), an estimate minimally changed by adjustment for maternal race, parity, age, and socio-economic index (0.08 [−0.29 to 0.45]). Evaluating BMI ≥85th percentile rather than continuous BMI Z score gave similarly null results. CONCLUSIONS Although treatment of GDM substantially reduced macrosomia at birth, it did not result in a change in BMI at age 4- to 5-years-old.
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              Depression in pregnancy, infant birth weight and DNA methylation of imprint regulatory elements

              Depressed mood in pregnancy has been linked to low birth weight (LBW, 4,500 g) infants had 5.9% higher methylation at the PLAGL1 DMR compared with normal birth weight infants. Our findings confirm that severe maternal depressed mood in pregnancy is associated with LBW, and that MEG3 and IGF2 plasticity may play important roles.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Childhood Obesity
                Childhood Obesity
                Mary Ann Liebert Inc
                2153-2168
                2153-2176
                June 2016
                June 2016
                : 12
                : 3
                : 210-218
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Community and Family Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, and Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
                [2 ]Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
                [3 ]Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC.
                [4 ]Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
                [5 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
                Article
                10.1089/chi.2015.0253
                4876550
                27135650
                d2ab1a62-0cb9-4935-9bb4-b9c519bc68a8
                © 2016

                http://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/

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