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      ICD therapy in the elderly: a retrospective single-center analysis of mortality Translated title: ICD-Therapie bei älteren Patienten: eine retrospektive Single-center-Analyse der Mortalität

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          Abstract

          Background

          Current implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) guidelines do not impose age limitations for ICD implantation (IMPL) and generator exchange (GE); however, patients (pts) should be expected to survive for 1 year. With higher age, comorbidity and mortality due to non-sudden cardiac death increase. Thus, the benefit of ICD therapy in elderly pts remains unclear. Mortality after ICD IMPL or GE in pts ≥ 75 years was assessed.

          Methods

          Consecutive pts aged ≥ 75 years with ICD IMPL or GE at the University Hospital Cologne, Germany, between 01/2013 and 12/2017 were included in this retrospective analysis.

          Results

          Of 418 pts, 82 (20%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria; in 70 (55 = IMPL, 79%, 15 = GE, 21%) follow-up (FU) was available. The median FU was 3.1 years. During FU, 40 pts (57%) died (29/55 [53%] IMPL; 11/15 [73%] GE). Mean survival after surgery was 561 ± 462 days. The 1‑year mortality rate was 19/70 (27%) overall, 9/52 (17%) in pts ≥ 75 and 10/18 (56%) in pts ≥ 80 years. Deceased pts were more likely to suffer from chronic renal failure (85% vs. 53%, p = 0.004) and peripheral artery disease (18% vs. 0%, p = 0.02). During FU, seven pts experienced ICD shocks (four appropriate, three inappropriate). In primary prevention ( n = 35) mortality was 46% and four pts experienced ICD therapies (two adequate); in secondary prevention ( n = 35) mortality was 69% ( p = 0.053) with three ICD therapies (two adequate).

          Conclusion

          Mortality in ICD pts aged ≥ 80 years was 56% at 1 and 72% at 2 years in this retrospective analysis. The decision to implant an ICD in elderly pts should be made carefully and individually.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Die aktuellen Leitlinien zur Verwendung von implantierbaren Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren (ICD) geben keine Altersgrenze für ICD-Implantation (IMPL) und Aggregatwechsel (AW) vor, Patienten (Pat.) sollten aber eine Lebenserwartung von einem Jahr haben. Mit steigendem Alter nehmen Komorbiditäten und die Mortalität aufgrund eines nicht-plötzlichen Todes zu. Der Nutzen der ICD-Therapie für ältere Pat. ist daher unklar. In dieser Arbeit sollte die Mortalität nach ICD-IMPL oder AW bei Pat. ≥ 75 Jahre untersucht werden.

          Methodik

          Konsekutive Pat. ≥ 75 Jahre, die zwischen 01/2013 und 12/2017 an der Uniklinik Köln einer ICD-IMPL oder einem AW unterzogen wurden, wurden in diese retrospektive Analyse eingeschlossen.

          Ergebnisse

          Von 418 Pat. erfüllten 82 (20 %) die Einschlusskriterien, bei 70 (55 = IMPL, 79 %; 15 = AW, 21 %) lagen Follow-up(FU)-Daten vor. Die mediane FU-Zeit betrug 3,1 Jahre. Während des FU starben 40 (57 %) Pat. (29/55 [53 %] IMPL; 11/15 [73 %] AW). Die mittlere Überlebenszeit nach Eingriff lag bei 561 ± 462 Tagen. Die 1‑Jahres-Mortalität betrug in der Gesamtgruppe 19/70 (27 %), bei 75- bis 79-Jährigen 9/52 (17 %) und bei ≥ 80-Jährigen 10/18 (56 %). Verstorbene Pat. litten häufiger an einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz (85 % vs. 53 %, p = 0,004) und peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (18 % vs. 0 %, p = 0,02). Während des FU kam es bei 7 Patienten zu ICD-Schockabgaben (4 adäquat, 3 inadäquat). In der primärprophylaktischen Gruppe ( n = 35) lag die Mortalität bei 46 %, bei 4 Pat. kam es zu ICD-Schockabgaben (2 adäquat). In der sekundärprophylaktischen Gruppe ( n = 35) betrug die Mortalität 69 % ( p = 0,053), ICD-Schockabgaben waren bei 3 Pat. zu verzeichnen (2 adäquat).

          Schlussfolgerung

          Die Mortalität von Pat. ≥ 80 Jahre mit ICD lag in dieser retrospektiven Analyse bei 56 % (1 Jahr) bzw. 72 % (2 Jahre). Die Entscheidung über eine ICD-IMPL sollte bei Älteren sorgfältig und individuell abgewogen werden.

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          Most cited references23

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          2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC).

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            Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure.

            Sudden death from cardiac causes remains a leading cause of death among patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Treatment with amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has been proposed to improve the prognosis in such patients. We randomly assigned 2521 patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III CHF and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35 percent or less to conventional therapy for CHF plus placebo (847 patients), conventional therapy plus amiodarone (845 patients), or conventional therapy plus a conservatively programmed, shock-only, single-lead ICD (829 patients). Placebo and amiodarone were administered in a double-blind fashion. The primary end point was death from any cause. The median LVEF in patients was 25 percent; 70 percent were in NYHA class II, and 30 percent were in class III CHF. The cause of CHF was ischemic in 52 percent and nonischemic in 48 percent. The median follow-up was 45.5 months. There were 244 deaths (29 percent) in the placebo group, 240 (28 percent) in the amiodarone group, and 182 (22 percent) in the ICD group. As compared with placebo, amiodarone was associated with a similar risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.06; 97.5 percent confidence interval, 0.86 to 1.30; P=0.53) and ICD therapy was associated with a decreased risk of death of 23 percent (0.77; 97.5 percent confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.96; P=0.007) and an absolute decrease in mortality of 7.2 percentage points after five years in the overall population. Results did not vary according to either ischemic or nonischemic causes of CHF, but they did vary according to the NYHA class. In patients with NYHA class II or III CHF and LVEF of 35 percent or less, amiodarone has no favorable effect on survival, whereas single-lead, shock-only ICD therapy reduces overall mortality by 23 percent. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction.

              Patients with reduced left ventricular function after myocardial infarction are at risk for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. This randomized trial was designed to evaluate the effect of an implantable defibrillator on survival in such patients. Over the course of four years, we enrolled 1232 patients with a prior myocardial infarction and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.30 or less. Patients were randomly assigned in a 3:2 ratio to receive an implantable defibrillator (742 patients) or conventional medical therapy (490 patients). Invasive electrophysiological testing for risk stratification was not required. Death from any cause was the end point. The clinical characteristics at base line and the prevalence of medication use at the time of the last follow-up visit were similar in the two treatment groups. During an average follow-up of 20 months, the mortality rates were 19.8 percent in the conventional-therapy group and 14.2 percent in the defibrillator group. The hazard ratio for the risk of death from any cause in the defibrillator group as compared with the conventional-therapy group was 0.69 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.51 to 0.93; P=0.016). The effect of defibrillator therapy on survival was similar in subgroup analyses stratified according to age, sex, ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, and the QRS interval. In patients with a prior myocardial infarction and advanced left ventricular dysfunction, prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator improves survival and should be considered as a recommended therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                cornelia.scheurlen@uk-koeln.de
                Journal
                Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol
                Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol
                Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0938-7412
                1435-1544
                29 January 2021
                29 January 2021
                2021
                : 32
                : 2
                : 250-256
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411097.a, ISNI 0000 0000 8852 305X, Department of Electrophysiology, Cologne, , University Heart Center Cologne, ; Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
                [2 ]Cardiology, Clinic Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
                Article
                742
                10.1007/s00399-021-00742-x
                8166735
                33512593
                d0358dfa-5673-4888-9ea0-108675e190eb
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 18 December 2020
                : 6 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Universitätsklinikum Köln (8977)
                Categories
                Original Contributions
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2021

                implantable cardioverter-defibrillator,elderly patients,mortality,comorbidities,icd therapies,implantierbarer cardioverter defibrillator,ältere patienten,sterblichkeit,komorbiditäten,schockabgaben

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