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      Markov-Prozesse zur Vorhersage flugl�rmbedingter Schlafst�rungen. Markov State Transition Models for the Prediction of Noise-Induced Sleep Disturbances

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      Somnologie
      Wiley

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          Aircraft noise effects on sleep: application of the results of a large polysomnographic field study.

          The Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) investigated the influence of nocturnal aircraft noise on sleep in polysomnographic laboratory and field studies between 1999 and 2004. The results of the field studies were used by the Regional Council of Leipzig (Germany) for the establishment of a noise protection plan in the official approval process for the expansion of Leipzig/Halle airport. Methods and results of the DLR field study are described in detail. Special attention is given to the dose-response relationship between the maximum sound pressure level of an aircraft noise event and the probability to wake up, which was used to establish noise protection zones directly related to the effects of noise on sleep. These protection zones differ qualitatively and quantitatively from zones that are solely based on acoustical criteria. The noise protection plan for Leipzig/Halle airport is presented and substantiated: (1) on average, there should be less than one additional awakening induced by aircraft noise, (2) awakenings recalled in the morning should be avoided as much as possible, and (3) aircraft noise should interfere as little as possible with the process of falling asleep again. Issues concerned with the representativeness of the study sample are discussed.
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            A pharmacodynamic Markov mixed-effects model for the effect of temazepam on sleep.

            A hypnogram shows how sleep travels through its various stages in the course of a night. The sleep stage changes can be quantified to study sedative drug effects. Hypnograms from 21 patients with primary insomnia were collected during a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study of 20 mg temazepam. A separate daytime session was performed to determine the pharmacokinetics of 20 mg temazepam and its effect on saccadic eye movement and electroencephalogram. A first-order Markov model was developed to describe the probability of sleep stage changes as a function of time after drug intake and time after last sleep stage change. The influence of temazepam concentration on the probability to change sleep stage was incorporated into the model. Transitions between sleep stages were profoundly influenced by the time of the night and by the time since the last change of sleep stage. Temazepam reduced the time spent awake. This effect could be attributed to four mechanisms: (1) transition to "deeper" sleep was facilitated, (2) transition to "lighter" sleep was inhibited, (3) regardless of sleep stage, the transition to wake state was inhibited, and (4) return to sleep was facilitated. Daytime sensitivities to temazepam, measured with the surrogate markers saccadic peak velocity and electroencephalogram beta activity, each correlated with one of the transition probabilities influenced by temazepam. By the development of a Markov model for these non-ordered six categorical data, the effect of temazepam on the sleep-wake status could be interpreted in terms of known mechanisms for sleep generation and benzodiazepine pharmacology.
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              Effects of Nocturnal Aircraft Noise on Sleep Structure. Beeintrachtigungen der Schlafstruktur durch nachtlichen Fluglarm

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Somnologie
                Somnologie
                Wiley
                1432-9123
                1439-054X
                November 2006
                November 2006
                : 10
                : 4
                : 176-191
                Article
                10.1111/j.1439-054X.2006.00103.x
                c61c34ea-eaa5-4c87-a8d4-b93ab1854f21
                © 2006
                History

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