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      Open source intelligence : Introduction, legal, and ethical considerations

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      International Cybersecurity Law Review
      Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH

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          Abstract

          Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) has gained importance in more fields of application than just in intelligence agencies. This paper provides an overview of the fundamental methods used to conduct OSINT investigations and presents different use cases where OSINT techniques are applied. Different models of the information cycle applied to OSINT are addressed. Additionally, the terms data, information, and intelligence are explained and correlated with the intelligence cycle. A classification system for entities during OSINT investigations is introduced. By presenting the capabilities of modern search engines, techniques for research within social networks and for penetration tests, the fundamental methods used for information gathering are explained. Furthermore, possible countermeasures to protect one’s privacy against the misuse of openly available information as well as the legal environment in Germany, and the ethical perspective are discussed.

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          Most cited references10

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          The Not Yet Exploited Goldmine of OSINT: Opportunities, Open Challenges and Future Trends

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            Searching for Jim Gray

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              Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools: A Practical Guide to Online Intelligence

              NA Hassan (2018)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                International Cybersecurity Law Review
                Int. Cybersecur. Law Rev.
                Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH
                2662-9720
                2662-9739
                November 24 2021
                Article
                10.1365/s43439-021-00042-7
                c5f1bb09-58cb-410d-90b3-003057e1fba6
                © 2021

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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