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      Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of variations in Nordic hamstring exercise

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this study was to present and biomechanically evaluate several variations of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), achieved by altering the slope of the lower leg support and by asumming different hip flexion angles. Electromyographic and 2D kinematic measurements were conducted to analyse muscle activity (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, erector spine and lateral head of the gastrocnemius), knee and hip joint torques during 6 variations of NHE. The study involved 18 adults (24.9 ± 3.7 years) with previous experience in resistance training, but with little or no experience with NHE. Increasing the slope of the lower leg support from 0° (standard NHE) to 20° and 40° enabled the participants to perform the exercise through a larger range of motion, while achieving similar peak knee and hip torques. Instructions for increased hip flexion from 0° (standard NHE) to 25°, 50° and 75° resulted in greater peak knee and hip torque, although the participants were not able to maintain the hip angle at 50° nor 75°. Muscle activity decreased or remained similar in all modified variations compared to the standard NHE for all measured muscles. Our results suggest that using the presented variations of NHE might contribute to optimization of hamstring injury prevention and rehabilitation programs, by providing appropriate difficulty for the individual’s strength level and also allow eccentric strengthening at longer hamstring lengths.

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          Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures.

          H J Hermens, B Freriks, C Disselhorst-Klug … (2000)
          The knowledge of surface electromyography (SEMG) and the number of applications have increased considerably during the past ten years. However, most methodological developments have taken place locally, resulting in different methodologies among the different groups of users.A specific objective of the European concerted action SENIAM (surface EMG for a non-invasive assessment of muscles) was, besides creating more collaboration among the various European groups, to develop recommendations on sensors, sensor placement, signal processing and modeling. This paper will present the process and the results of the development of the recommendations for the SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. Execution of the SENIAM sensor tasks, in the period 1996-1999, has been handled in a number of partly parallel and partly sequential activities. A literature scan was carried out on the use of sensors and sensor placement procedures in European laboratories. In total, 144 peer-reviewed papers were scanned on the applied SEMG sensor properties and sensor placement procedures. This showed a large variability of methodology as well as a rather insufficient description. A special workshop provided an overview on the scientific and clinical knowledge of the effects of sensor properties and sensor placement procedures on the SEMG characteristics. Based on the inventory, the results of the topical workshop and generally accepted state-of-the-art knowledge, a first proposal for sensors and sensor placement procedures was defined. Besides containing a general procedure and recommendations for sensor placement, this was worked out in detail for 27 different muscles. This proposal was evaluated in several European laboratories with respect to technical and practical aspects and also sent to all members of the SENIAM club (>100 members) together with a questionnaire to obtain their comments. Based on this evaluation the final recommendations of SENIAM were made and published (SENIAM 8: European recommendations for surface electromyography, 1999), both as a booklet and as a CD-ROM. In this way a common body of knowledge has been created on SEMG sensors and sensor placement properties as well as practical guidelines for the proper use of SEMG.
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            Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters.

            P. de Leva (1996)
            Zatsiorsky et al. (in Contemporary Problems in Biomechanics, pp. 272-291, CRC Press, Massachusetts, 1990a) obtained, by means of a gamma-ray scanning technique, the relative body segment masses, center of mass (CM) positions, and radii of gyration for samples of college-aged Caucasian males and females. Although these data are the only available and comprehensive set of inertial parameters regarding young adult Caucasians, they have been rarely utilized for biomechanical analyses of subjects belonging to the same or a similar population. The main reason is probably that Zatsiorsky et al. used bony landmarks as reference points for locating segment CMs and defining segment lengths. Some of these landmarks were markedly distant from the joint centers currently used by most researchers as reference points. The purpose of this study was to adjust the mean relative CM positions and radii of gyration reported by Zatsiorsky et al., in order to reference them to the joint centers or other commonly used landmarks, rather than the original landmarks. The adjustments were based on a number of carefully selected sources of anthropometric data.
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              Incidence, risk, and prevention of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union.

              Dave B Reddin, Gary Fuller, Simon P T Kemp … (2006)
              The incidence of hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union is high, but evidence-based information on risk factors and injury-prevention strategies in this sport is limited. To define the incidence, severity, and risk factors associated with hamstring muscle injuries in professional rugby union and to determine whether the use of hamstring strengthening and stretching exercises reduces the incidence and severity of these injuries. Cohort study (prevention); Level of evidence, 3. Team clinicians reported all hamstring muscle injuries on a weekly basis and provided details of the location, diagnosis, severity, and mechanism of each injury; loss of time from training and match play was used as the definition of an injury. Players' match and training exposures were recorded on a weekly basis. The incidence of hamstring muscle injuries was 0.27 per 1000 player training hours and 5.6 per 1000 player match hours. Injuries, on average, resulted in 17 days of lost time, with recurrent injuries (23%) significantly more severe (25 days lost) than new injuries (14 days lost). Second-row forwards sustained the fewest (2.4 injuries/1000 player hours) and the least severe (7 days lost) match injuries. Running activities accounted for 68% of hamstring muscle injuries, but injuries resulting from kicking were the most severe (36 days lost). Players undertaking Nordic hamstring exercises in addition to conventional stretching and strengthening exercises had lower incidences and severities of injury during training and competition. The Nordic hamstring strengthening exercise may reduce the incidence and severity of hamstring muscle injuries sustained during training and competition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nejc Šarabon:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-3735
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jan Marušič: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Goran Marković: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Žiga Kozinc: Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Dragan Mirkov: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 October 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0223437
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
                [2 ] S2P, Science to practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [3 ] University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
                [4 ] Motus Melior Ltd., Zagreb, Croatia
                [5 ] University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
                University of Belgrade, SERBIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: NŠ and GM were employed by commercial companies, S2P, Ltd. and Motus Melior, Ltd. The companies did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0747-3735
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-19-18035
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223437
                PMC ID: 6808554
                PubMed ID: 31644582
                SO-VID: c30af6ca-9ca6-40f8-bdf3-69903527077a
                Copyright © © 2019 Šarabon et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 26 June 2019
                Date accepted : 20 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 16
                Funding
                S2P, Ltd and Motus Melior, Ltd. provided support in the form of salaries for authors NŠ and GM, respectively, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. NŠ also received financial support by Slovenian Research Agency through the program "Kinesiology of monostructural, polystructural and conventional sports” (P5-0147 (B)), which did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Pelvis
                Subject: Hip
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Pelvis
                Subject: Hip
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Knees
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Knees
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Skeletal Joints
                Subject: Knee Joints
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Skeletal Joints
                Subject: Knee Joints
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Body Limbs
                Subject: Legs
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Physics
                Subject: Classical Mechanics
                Subject: Motion
                Subject: Torque
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Subject: Electrophysiological Techniques
                Subject: Muscle Electrophysiology
                Subject: Electromyography
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Bioassays and Physiological Analysis
                Subject: Muscle Analysis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Physical Activity
                Subject: Physical Fitness
                Subject: Exercise
                Subject: Strength Training
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Subject: Exercise
                Subject: Strength Training
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Sports Science
                Subject: Sports and Exercise Medicine
                Subject: Exercise
                Subject: Strength Training
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All data files are available from the Zenodo database (accession link https://zenodo.org/record/3257361#.XRNSOegzZPY).

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                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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